THIS ARTICLE WILL BE REGULARLY UPDATED.

THE MOST RECENT UPDATES WILL BE AT THE TOP.

BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 2,215, 14 April 2024

“We cannot always prevent the murder of workers in an orchard or sleeping families, but we can set a high price for our blood. A price too high for the Arab settlement, the Arab army and the Arab government to pay. … [Retaliation operations] are not for vengeance. It is an act of punishment and warning, that if that state does not control its population and does not prevent them attacking us – the Israeli forces will cause havoc in its land.“

IDF Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan,

Lecture to IDF officers: “Retaliation Operations as a Means of Ensuring Peace”, July 1955

(Published in IDF monthly journal Skira Hodsheet, August 1955).

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Israel – Iran:

Over the past six weeks there has been an escalation in Israeli air strikes against Iranian, Hezbollah, and other pro-Iranian militia locations in Syria. The most powerful strike, on 1 April, killed the commander, the deputy commander, and several staff members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard force coordinating the actions of all the allied and proxy Iranian forces operating against Israel. These are the highest-ranking Iranian officers to have been killed since the 2020 assassination by the US of Qassem Soleimani, who was chief of the Iranian al-Quds organization and responsible for all Iranian operations outside Iran aimed at the US, Israel, and pro-western Arab states. The targets of the 1 April strike were convening in a building adjacent to the Iranian embassy in Damascus. The Iranians claim the building was in fact a consulate, so Israel placed its embassies across the world on alert for a tit-for-tat retaliation.

During the night of 13-14 April, after two weeks of threats, the Iranians retaliated with their first-ever direct attack from Iranian territory into Israel. The operation is called “The True Promise.” According to Israeli officials, Iran launched a barrage containing 185 explosive drones (nicknamed “suicide-drones”), 36 cruise missiles, and at least 110 ballistic missiles. In addition to the direct Iranian action, their various allies and proxies – the Houthis in Yemen, Iraqi Hezbollah forces in Iraq and Syria, and the Lebanese Hezbollah – also fired at Israel.

The attack appeared to involve four waves of launches: two of explosive drones, then the cruise missiles and then the ballistic missiles. The wave sequence, which closely resembles the tactic used by Russia in its strikes on Ukraine, was intended to do two things:

• First, to deliver the different weapons so their arrival at their targets would be either simultaneous or with only short intervals between them. Each weapon flies at a different speed (drones are the slowest and ballistic missiles the fastest). They may have been flown on different routes to achieve near-concurrent arrival timing.
• Secondly, to inundate Israel’s anti-rocket/missile defenses; compel it to use up its stores of ready-to-launch interceptor missiles to combat the first, less powerful drones (40-50 kilograms of explosive each) just prior to the arrival of the heavier explosive-payload-carrying missiles (depending on the model, they range from a few hundred to 1,200 kilograms each); and deprive Israel of sufficient time to reload the interceptor batteries before the latter arrived.

To reach Israel from Iran, the drones and missiles flew over Iraq, with some then proceeding through Syria and others through Jordan. Another possible route was over Saudi Arabia, then over southern Jordan or northeastern Egypt, but there have as yet been no reports suggesting the Iranians used this route.

Probable Flight Routes

Israeli defenses contain five layers:

• The best known is the Iron Dome system, which is optimized to intercept low-flying rockets and certain types of drones. A new variant called the Sea Dome, which is mounted on a ship, was used for the first time a few days ago to defend against drones or missiles launched from Yemen towards the Israeli southern port of Eilat. They participated again during the April 13-14 attack.
• The Magic Wand system, which works against medium-altitude rockets and missiles. This system first became operational a couple of years ago.
• The Arrow system, which works against high-altitude missiles. This is the most veteran of Israel’s systems.
• A new variant of the Arrow system that works against exo-atmospheric missiles.
• To combat drones, Israel uses fighter aircraft and attack helicopters. Drones are essentially small unmanned aircraft, so shooting them down with other aircraft is a fairly similar process to ordinary air combat. That said, drones are smaller and therefore harder to detect. They are also slower, which requires faster responses by the pilots who must avoid overtaking them before shooting them down. (To stay airborne, aircraft need to maintain a minimum speed, and fighter jets have a higher minimum speed than drones. This is easier for helicopters, but they don’t carry radar and so must conduct visual detection, which is almost impossible at night.) On the other hand, current models cannot conduct evasive maneuvers to throw off the aim of the attacking aircraft.

During the attack of April 13-14, a sixth layer of defense was created by other states supporting Israel. The American and British air forces participated in defending Israel by intercepting drones in Iraqi air space and in eastern Syria. According to reports, they employed fighter aircraft, which suggests that they participated in shooting down drones. French “capabilities” (whatever that means) also participated in defending Israel, and the IDF spokesperson said other unspecified countries participated as well.

Some of the Houthi launches may have been intercepted by American and British warships in the Red Sea firing anti-missile interceptor missiles, which they have been doing for the past few months (perhaps the reference to the French is also in this area?). Jordanian air defenses also reported intercepting a number of drones and/or missiles, and Jordan reportedly allowed Israeli aircraft to enter its airspace to conduct interceptions. It is possible that some of the longer-range Israeli interceptor missiles also overflew Jordan. Israeli aircraft also entered southern Syria to intercept incoming drones before they reached Israeli territory.

The final stage of Israel’s defense was its anti-rocket/missile systems. Apparently, the vast majority of the drones and missiles flying towards and into Israel were shot down. Only a handful landed inside Israeli territory – inside an air force base in southern Israel (causing minimal damage and apparently ineffective, as the base continues to operate as usual). The Iranians claim the air force base was the one from which the Israeli aircraft that attacked their commanders in Damascus took off.

A ten-year-old Israeli Bedouin child living in southern Israel was seriously wounded when fragments hit her head (it is not yet clear if they were fragments from a successful interception or a drone or missile explosion on the ground). There is also a report from Jordan that three civilians were killed and several others wounded by fragments from destroyed drones or missiles falling to the ground. Other interceptions occurred over northern Lebanon with no casualties reported.

According to photographs posted on social media in Iraq, at least one Iranian missile fell inside the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, and others in northern Iraq.

The Biden administration is reportedly pressuring Israel NOT to respond to the Iranian attack.

In Israel the current debate is whether to respond relative to the size of the Iranian attack, or, given its general failure, only relative to its miniscule achievements.

In Iran the leadership is crowing about a huge success. It is claiming that the attack achieved its purpose and says Iran will now desist unless Israel retaliates.

Billboard in Palestine Square in Tehran: A message to Israel, the caption in Hebrew – “The Next Mistake Will Be the End of Your Fake Country“

Forgotten because of the missile attack is the incident of the Iranian military’s hijacking of a container ship because it belongs to a company partially owned by an Israeli. This is not the first such attack – over the past few years, oil-carrying ships have been targeted for hijacking or explosive-drone attack by the Iranians – but it is apparently the first Iranian attack on a ship carrying shipping containers rather than oil.

Israel – Hamas Negotiations:

The negotiations between Israel and Hamas have been stuck for over a month. Hamas continues to demand a total cessation of Israel’s military operations and the withdrawal of all Israeli forces from Gaza in return for the hostages. In other words, it demands the ability to rehabilitate its control over Gaza so it can continue to attack Israel. The Israeli government has so far refused to accept these terms. It is willing to exchange some imprisoned Palestinian terrorists (the exact numbers are not clear; before the war there were approximately 5,000 Palestinians in custody for terrorist activity, but during the war many more have been captured – a few thousand in Judea and Samaria and a few thousand in Gaza) and accept a temporary ceasefire only. The issue of whether or not to accept Hamas’s terms has caused friction inside Israel with some groups demanding the government accede to them. According to polls, the majority of Israelis still support the government’s position.

The latest Hamas refusal to accept less than its original demand was received on 13 April, a few hours before the Iranian attack. It can be safely assumed that Hamas leaders are hoping the Israel-Iran confrontation will escalate and save them by forcing Israel to redirect most of its energy away from Gaza to new fronts in Lebanon, Syria and Iran. They have been asking Iran to order a general offensive against Israel since 7 October 2023. The Iranians have consistently refused, agreeing only to the low-intensity offensive described in these reports over the past six months.

Gaza:

Fighting inside Gaza continues as described in previous reports: low intensity guerrilla warfare. Hamas and other groups conduct small-scale raids or ambushes against Israeli units and Israeli forces reciprocate. Israel has withdrawn almost all its forces from the Gaza Strip, including those in the Khan Yunis area. At present, the only permanent Israeli presence is along a line separating the northern Gaza Strip and Gaza City from the rest of the Gaza Strip. Instead of establishing a permanent presence, Israeli forces have launched a number of large raids into areas they had previously vacated. The most important and successful of these was conducted at Shifa Hospital in Gaza City.

Acting on information that a group of terrorists had returned to Shifa Hospital to use its facilities, an Israeli force returned to the location and surrounded it. There were about 6,500 civilians in the hospital grounds and at least 600 Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad terrorists, including several high-ranking officials from the political, administrative and military organs of those organizations. To facilitate the operation, the IDF opened an exit route for the civilians, which included a filtration passage that enabled the detection of terrorists as they attempted to use it to escape. Along the route, leading south from Gaza City along the coast, the IDF placed food and water supplies at a series of locations for civilians to take as they passed. Especially important, given the hot weather (above average for this time of year), was the water.

The Israeli forces operating in the hospital cleared a few buildings (special forces teams combed the buildings room by room) and then brought in medical equipment (respirators, surgical equipment, etc.) and supplies, as well as Israeli doctors and medical staff. They then helped the Palestinian medical staff transfer their patients from other buildings into the cleared ones, and combed the evacuated buildings as well. In two of the buildings fighting intensified as most of the terrorists inside conducted a defensive battle. They were armed with assault rifles, light machine guns, hand grenades and explosive charges, and used hospital machines and other medical equipment to build barricades. These are the two buildings that are shown as severely damaged in media reports.

Meanwhile, other forces from Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad assembled from across their hideouts in Gaza City and attempted unsuccessfully to break through the Israeli cordon to reach the hospital.

The battle ended when the last terrorist inside the hospital had been killed or surrendered. All together, inside and outside the hospital about 210 terrorists (including a few suicide bombers) were killed and about 555 surrendered (another approximately 365 individuals were detained and released after it was clarified they were ordinary civilians). As noted, some of those arrested were high-ranking members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. No civilians were killed in the fighting. Large stockpiles of weapons were captured, as well as the equivalent of about $3.25 million in Israeli shekels, Jordanian dinars and American dollars. Three Israeli soldiers were killed and a few dozen wounded during this battle.

The fact that so many terrorists, senior commanders and officials had congregated in the hospital suggests (as some of them admitted in video recordings of their interrogations) that they felt safe there and were completely surprised by the Israel action.

Simultaneously with the hospital operation, a similar operation was conducted by Israeli forces in Khan Yunis. A neighborhood that had been taken, cleared and evacuated by Israeli forces was raided again, netting dozens of killed or captured terrorists who had returned to the evacuated area.

Also, over the past week Israeli forces have increased their raids into the Nuseyrat area in central Gaza, between Khan Yunis and Gaza City. To date, Israeli forces have not attempted to conduct a full-scale operation in this area, conducting only limited ground raids and air strikes.

Since the last report more than six weeks ago, 15 Israeli soldiers were killed and approximately 1,000 Hamas and other armed groups’ terrorists were killed.

Over the past couple of months there have been escalating reports of famine in Gaza. The United Nations Secretary General even claimed it to be the worst such situation in his jurisdiction. This is a ridiculous exaggeration. Perhaps he should take a less propagandistic tone and compare the situation in Gaza to actual starvation situations in Yemen and the Horn of Africa.

The problem in Gaza is not a lack of supplies entering it but the deliberate misdistribution of the supplies. Some of that misdistribution is the product of simple incompetence and some is deliberate. Supplies are standing undistributed in UN compounds, or are taken over by Hamas and distributed according to its own priorities. Some are sold instead of distributed, stolen enroute by various factions, or deliberately withheld to create a propaganda show for the purpose of vilifying Israel.

A partial solution has been to parachute aid. This, as noted in a previous report, has its own complications: at least 30 people have been reported killed by parachuted supplies landing on them or in fights over access to the supplies. Twelve people were reported to have drowned trying to retrieve supplies that were accidentally dropped into the sea. These numbers have to be treated with caution – as usual, they are controlled by Hamas itself or by pro-Hamas reporters (especially the local branch of the Qatari Al-Jazeera news/propaganda network).

To summarize: there are definitely insufficient supplies of food in some areas inside the Gaza Strip, but not because of Israel. There are areas where food is sufficient, even plentiful. The problem is internal distribution, which is plagued by a mixture of incompetence, corruption and deliberate actions by Hamas.

Lebanon:

The exchange of fire on the Israel-Lebanon border continues at a varying but fairly low intensity. Over the past few weeks, Israeli attacks have escalated in the choice of targets: they are no longer operating only near the border but are also striking Hezbollah installations in central and northern Lebanon. Hezbollah has responded by increasing the size of its rocket and exploding drone salvos into Israel.

Hezbollah participated in the Iranian retaliation by firing several dozen rockets into northern Israel.

Israeli casualties on the Lebanese border since 7 October have been 20 killed (six of them civilians) and several dozen wounded. All told, since the beginning of the war Hezbollah has fired more than 4,000 rockets and exploding drones into Israel as well as a few hundred guided anti-tank missiles (mostly Kornet, some the latest Russian version with ranges of up to 10 kilometers).

Hezbollah has admitted that 273 of its personnel have been killed so far. This number does not include non-Shiite members of Hezbollah who probably add at least a couple of dozen to the list.

Other Lebanese and Lebanese-based Palestinian organizations have participated in the exchanges and approximately 45 of their members have been killed too. Total Lebanese military casualties are now two killed and half a dozen wounded.

Three UNIFIL troops were wounded in southern Lebanon. Israel was initially blamed for firing at them, but further investigation proved that it was an IED emplaced by a local group, probably Hezbollah. Earlier, in October 2023, another UNIFIL soldier was wounded by a mortar bomb.

Judea and Samaria:

The fighting in Judea and Samaria continues with the IDF intensifying its raids especially in the Jenin area (the northern edge of Samaria). Each IDF entry into Palestinian towns faces varying intensities of resistance, including bombs dug under roads (cleared by bulldozers that tear up the asphalt), rifles, grenades, and improvised hand-thrown bombs as well as petrol bombs.

The Palestinians claim that almost 8,000 people have been arrested but the official Israeli number is only about 3,600, of whom approximately 50% belong to Hamas and the others to other groups. The discrepancy is apparently because the Palestinians count anyone who was detained even if they were released after being questioned. Approximately 425 terrorists have been killed, most during Israeli raids on their bases in the major Palestinian towns and the rest while conducting attacks on Israeli soldiers and civilians. The majority of those killed are Hamas and some are Palestinian Islamic Jihad, but quite a few are also from Fatah controlled armed groups. Fatah governs the Palestinian Authority in Judea and Samaria and officially supports the peace treaty with Israel, but unofficially (for deniability purposes) maintains armed groups that conduct terrorist attacks. These are often manned (supposedly when off-duty), funded and trained by the official armed forces of the Palestinian Authority. The Palestinians have also reported 4,600 wounded, but have not published details breaking down this number.

Iran and its proxies versus the US and its allies:

Exchanges of fire between the Houthis in Yemen and the combined American and European fleets in the Red Sea have continued unabated, though they remain small-scale. The Houthis continued to attack merchant ships and even succeeded in sinking one. The Americans and British have responded with air strikes on Houthi camps and combat positions, attempting to destroy their launch capabilities. Though they have reported successes, these have not yet reached a level sufficient to force the Houthis to desist from their attacks.

Over this period there has been a general ceasefire by the Iranian proxies against American forces in Iraq, Syria and Jordan. There have been a couple of incidents.

Israeli casualties:

Currently the total number of Israeli casualties for the single day of 7 October is 1,160, which includes civilians, military, police, firefighters, medical personnel, etc. There are still some people unaccounted for, and some of the people kidnapped to Gaza were dead when taken or have died in captivity and are still not confirmed.

After the rescue operation in the heart of Rafah, there are still 132 kidnapped Israelis and non-Israelis in Gaza. How many are alive and how many dead is not known, though the current estimate is that at least 30 are dead and perhaps more. In negotiations with Hamas Israel has demanded a listing of both living and dead hostages, but Hamas has refused to provide any such information.

In addition, 19 Israeli civilians have been killed in Hamas rocket attacks and six by Hezbollah. Another 20 Israelis have been killed and 140 wounded by Palestinians from Judea and Samaria; some Israelis were attacked in Judea and Samaria and some inside pre-1967 Israel by terrorists who managed to infiltrate. The so-called Green Line separating the two areas from 1949 is a tortuous line through hilly and vegetation-covered terrain. Though Israel built a fence along it (called a “wall” by Israel’s detractors, though only 10% is a wall, to prevent direct flat trajectory fire at Israeli villages or roads adjacent to the line) that is constantly patrolled and has electronic surveillance devices, no such protection is ever 100% – especially as in some areas there is a mixed population.

As of 5 April 2024, a total of 604 IDF soldiers have been killed on all fronts since and including 7 October (the number for 7 October is periodically updated as more are confirmed killed who were previously listed as missing).

The total number of Israeli wounded is approximately 14,000. The IDF has published that since the beginning of the war 6,800 soldiers have been admitted to rehabilitation treatments. This suggests that the majority of the 14,000 mentioned above are soldiers, because statistically, if 6,800 need post-injury rehabilitation treatment, there are probably a few thousand very lightly injured who do not.

Initially the number of Israelis who were forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon reached approximately 250,000. The number of those returning to their homes has grown, mostly in the areas around Gaza.

Palestinian casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that so far almost 34,000 Gazans have been killed and approximately 76,000 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians, but according to the IDF, at least 14,000 Hamas and other groups’ terrorists have been killed. The number of estimated wounded has not been updated but is probably similar to the fatalities. Though Hamas reported last month that at least 6,000 of their personnel had been killed, a high-ranking official admitted that actually they do not know the number. The IDF has also captured many terrorists, though the exact number has not been divulged. From anecdotal information the figure can be estimated at around 3,000, or perhaps as many as 3,500 (about 1,000 more than the last report).

Given that Hamas and the other groups had 40,000 to 50,000 personnel between them (different sources provide different numbers and there is a problem counting part-timers as opposed to regulars or official “reserves”), the figure of almost 30,000 represents a sizeable chunk of their manpower. However, we have no information on recruitment of new personnel, who may be less well-trained but are still adding to the numbers. Hamas youth movements conduct basic firearms training from an early age, so they have a recruitment pool of teenagers available to join the fighting. The incidence of surrendering rather than fighting to the death has increased, indicating morale problems, but the fighting is far from over and the organizations have not yet broken.

The Palestinians have been claiming deaths from starvation but have not yet proven a single case. The only photographs have been shown to be fakes.

WHAT NEXT?

The current situation has been defined by the IDF as “Phase 3” of the Israeli strategy against Hamas. The final goal declared by the Israeli government is still quite a ways off, as Hamas personnel return to every area the Israelis evacuate. This was expected, as in each area, Hamas, after suffering heavy casualties, began to hide rather than fight. The current phase is composed of the raids described above – as Hamas personnel return to an area they are targeted and raided. This does not preclude a major ground operation to reenter and re-clear any chosen area.

The Rafah operation is still on the table. Prime Minister Nethanyahu has declared that a date has been set but has not stated what that date is. Part of the withdrawal of IDF units from Khan Yunis was in preparation for this operation, as the units need time to recuperate and plan the attack.

Meanwhile, on the Lebanese border the tit-for-tat exchange of fire continues. Tactically the IDF is winning, as shown by the casualty ratio of more than 15 to 1 in its favor (given the small total numbers, any single addition to the Israeli casualty total significantly changes the ratio). However, strategically, the situation is in Hezbollah’s favor. The approximately 100,000 Israeli civilians from the northern towns and villages who have become refugees inside Israel still cannot return home. For them to return home requires either that Hezbollah agrees to withdraw all its forces at least 10 to 15 kilometers from the border or is forced to do so by an escalated Israeli offensive taking the ground to that depth or more and conducting a massed bombing campaign on Hezbollah’s rear areas. Israeli leaders state they would prefer the diplomatic solution, but if it fails, they will order the military to attack into Lebanon.

The central question now is the continuation of the direct confrontation between Israel and Iran. What will be Israel’s response to the Iranian attack? As noted, the debate inside Israel is whether to respond in a manner commensurate with the size of the attack or commensurate with the size of the results. The United States is very clearly opposed to a powerful Israeli response. Assessing the results of a response is also important. Would there be a repeat performance by Iran? Something much smaller? Something different?

ON THE HUMANITARIAN ISSUE

What is being done to facilitate the supply of humanitarian aid to Gaza? 

The following is from the Israel Foreign Ministry’s page on the issue:

https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/General/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023#5

Israel is constantly facilitating humanitarian assistance into Gaza and is working with international stakeholders to advance this objective. At the same time, genuine concern for the humanitarian situation cannot ignore Hamas’s efforts to divert and steal aid, nor can it ignore the fact that the humanitarian threat faced by the Palestinians of Gaza begins from Hamas’s total contempt for Palestinian welfare. Critically, demanding aid flow into Gaza, without also demanding that Hamas release the supplies it has stolen from the civilian population, is effectively rewarding the reprehensible behavior of Hamas and asking others to ensure that Hamas retains the capacity to launch armed attacks against Israel. 

The current hostilities, which were initiated by Hamas, have resulted in a significant deterioration in the humanitarian situation in Gaza. The primary cause for the current situation is Hamas’s treatment of the Gazan population during the 16 years it has ruled over them. Hamas has explicitly said that it considers itself to have no responsibility for the care of the population it controls. Hamas has failed to improve the situation of the civilian population, has not invested in critical infrastructure, and did not prepare its population for the inevitable effects of the war it started with Israel. Hamas has continued to invest in its military buildup and its attacks against Israel, using its resources to further this agenda rather than supporting its population.

In the lead-up to the current hostilities, Hamas continued to divert aid intended for the civilian population for terrorist purposes, including by using concrete intended for housing construction to build its massive underground tunnel network. Generous funding provided by the international community to assist the civilian population has ended up in Hamas’s coffers, supporting the luxury lifestyle of its leaders and advancing its terrorist agenda.

By contrast, Israel has continued to directly provide services to Gaza, despite ongoing attacks against it. For example, prior to October 7, Israel supplied 50% of Gaza’s electricity and up to 10% of Gaza’s water. Israel also operated border crossings to facilitate the flow of goods and aid into Gaza. Similarly, prior to the current hostilities, almost 20,000 Gazans entered Israel daily for work.

On October 7, nine of the 10 electricity lines coming in from Israel were hit by Hamas fire. One of the three water pipes from Israel was likewise hit by Hamas fire. [NOTE: One of the pipelines, to central Gaza, has since been repaired and provides some 400,000 people another 42 liters per person per day.] Hamas invaded the Erez Crossing (through which people from Gaza pass into Israel with work permits, for medical treatment and travel purposes, and through which personnel from international organizations pass into Gaza) in the north, murdered and abducted personnel, and caused significant damage. It has put the Kerem Shalom crossing (the crossing through which goods and aid passes through into Gaza) in the south under constant fire.

The humanitarian situation in Gaza has also been affected by Hamas’s placement of rocket launching sites and other military assets within and adjacent to critical infrastructure (see, for example, a rocket launching site adjacent to a water desalination plant funded by the international community), thus willfully exposing them to harm. Hamas hoards supplies such as fuel and has stolen other supplies from international organizations that were intended for the civilian population (as publicly acknowledged by the UN). Hamas has also harmed and even caused the cessation of the provision of medical services in Gaza by using hospitals for military operations, thus necessitating IDF operations at such sites and the evacuation of patients and staff for their safety. Finally, Hamas’s abuse of the civilian environment and use of civilians as human shields results in direct harm to civilians and civilian infrastructure.

As stated clearly and repeatedly by Israel’s senior political and military leadership, Israel does not wish to harm civilians in Gaza and is taking steps to facilitate and expand the flow of aid to the civilian population. Under the law of armed conflict, parties to an armed conflict are required to allow and facilitate access to consignments of supplies essential for the survival of the civilian population if it is not adequately provided. This obligation is subject to important conditions, including that there are no serious reasons to fear that consignments will be diverted from their civilian destination or otherwise accrue to the advantage of the enemy’s military efforts. International law does not obligate a party to a conflict to provide supplies to the territory of the other party.

In practice, the entry of several hundred tons of humanitarian supplies every day is now being facilitated by Israel even though Hamas possesses many essential supplies that it could itself provide to the civilian population. Israel is also providing water to Gaza from its own supplies. Israel has facilitated the establishment of field hospitals in southern Gaza and floating hospitals in the sea, and is working with third parties to establish additional field hospitals. Israel has facilitated the movement of people out of Gaza to receive medical treatment as well as the entry of medical supplies and equipment into Gaza, and provided its own medical supplies to patients and staff at Shifa Hospital during IDF operations to uncover and disable Hamas’s military infrastructure, which was inside the hospital complex. For more information, see COGAT’s website.

Genuine concern for the humanitarian situation must begin with a demand that Hamas stopping stealing aid and release the supplies it has stolen from the civilian population to sustain its terrorist objectives.

The following is from the IDF department responsible for this issue:

COGAT – IDF – Humanitarian aid to Gaza

https://govextra.gov.il/cogat/humanitarian-efforts/home/

Humanitarian aid including only food, water, medical supplies and shelter equipment is routed to Egypt and then forwarded to undergo Israeli security screening at either Nitzana or Kerem Shalom Crossings. From there, UN aid is sent to the Gaza Strip via Kerem Shalom, and the rest is sent to Gaza via the Rafah crossing in Egypt.

A humanitarian aid delivery channel via Jordan is operational, and additional delivery channels are in the planning process.

The volume of humanitarian aid is determined, among other factors, by the ability of humanitarian organizations within the Gaza Strip to absorb the aid.

Hamas controls the delivery of aid to the population according to its priorities. Much of the aid is not handed out but instead appropriated and then sold in the markets.

The following photograph shows a collection of containers with aid waiting in a United Nations storage site inside Gaza.

Published by the IDF Spokesperson’s Office – The problem is not Israel delaying aid, but the inefficient and corrupt distribution of aid inside Gaza.

***

18 January – 3 February 2024

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Negotiations:

The negotiations referred to in last month’s update have continued but have not yet achieved an agreement. The reasons for this have not changed. In return for handing over the remaining hostages, Hamas and its partner/rival, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, are demanding a complete and final ceasefire, total Israeli withdrawal from Gaza territory, the release of all the thousands of their members held in Israel (totaling more than 6,500, including those captured during the current war), and international guarantees that Israel will not renew its offensive afterwards.

Israel obviously refuses to accept these conditions, and, despite the media noise surrounding the demonstrations by some of the hostages’ families and various support groups calling for Israel to accept these demands (not all the families agree), polls show that the vast majority of the Israeli public are not willing to accede to these demands of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and so far, neither is the government. The argument put forward by those against the deal is that accepting it might save the current hostages, but would cost many more times that number of Israeli lives in the future.

Meanwhile, Israel has demanded a list of the kidnappees and who among them is alive. Hamas has refused to provide this information.

Gaza:

Demobilized Israeli reservists who participated in the battles in Gaza City and Khan Yunis said virtually every building they entered either had a weapons cache inside it or was rigged to explode, either via booby-traps designed to be tripped by an unwary soldier or via cameras set up to view the entrance of the Israeli soldiers and set off the charges remotely. Hamas fighters would also often move between buildings without weapons to appear like ordinary civilians, then take the weapons cached in the new building, shoot from the windows or a position adjacent to the building, put the weapons back, and move – again without weapons – to another building.

Fighting in the Khan Yunis area continues as previously described: a deadly form of “hide and seek” through buildings and streets. However, in addition to fighting above-ground battles, Israeli units have apparently begun entering the tunnels under Khan Yunis and are fighting underground as well. Previously, underground operations were carried out only after an area had been cleared of Hamas in order to search for information before destroying the tunnels. Now it seems that Israeli troops are advancing underground while fighting continues above-ground.

Israeli forces have gradually moved through more and more of Khan Yunis. Hamas continues to conduct hit-and-run attacks and hides both underground and inside hospitals. One Israeli effort is to go through the hospitals and other “innocent” facilities like UNRWA buildings. Thus, in Nasser Hospital, the Israelis captured some 200 terrorists, including several staff members who were carrying weapons. A central command post of Hamas was found underneath the UNRWA headquarters building, connected to the electricity of that facility. That command post contained the central computer farm for Hamas’s command network and its central computerized intelligence depository.

A new angle of attack in the area of Khan Yunis is an outflanking move around and into the neighborhood of Hamad.

In northern Gaza, more and more Hamas personnel have appeared in the open following the departure of Israeli forces. They are trying to reorganize and rebuild their infrastructure. The Israeli forces have responded by conducting focused raids with tanks and infantry supported by aircraft and artillery. These raids have netted several dozen Hamas personnel as prisoners and killed several times that number. The division commander conducting one of the raids stated that at the beginning of the war, three divisions were needed to reach the area in the center of Gaza City at which the raid was aimed, whereas now two battle groups are sufficient.

In southern Gaza an Israeli special forces unit infiltrated into the heart of Rafah and rescued two kidnappees. The withdrawal was contested and heavy supporting fire was required to evacuate the force and the rescued kidnappees. The final stage of the evacuation was by a helicopter that flew into the Rafah area, picked up the force and flew back out. Hamas spokesmen and media ignored the rescue of the hostages and focused instead on the fighting and the casualties they claim were inflicted on local civilians. When they finally mentioned the rescue, they claimed that the two Israelis had been held by a local family and not by Hamas.

Hamas is still firing rockets into Israel, but the frequency and total numbers have dropped. There were only about 165 rockets over the entire month, which is roughly equivalent to the daily average during the first weeks of the war.

Among the materiel captured by the IDF from Hamas is a large amount of cash. In the Khan Yunis tunnels alone, approximately $5.5 million in various currencies was found as well as records indicating that Iran has transferred $150 million to Hamas over the past ten years.

Over the past month, 24 Israeli soldiers were killed and a few hundred wounded (the exact number has not been published). Approximately 3,000 Hamas and other armed groups’ personnel were killed and a similar number were probably wounded.

In Gaza itself, more Palestinians are criticizing Hamas for initiating this war and are demanding that it surrender the hostages to stop their suffering. As yet, only a small minority are daring to come out in the open, so it is not clear how representative they are of the majority of the population. The general tone is less criticism of Hamas’s goals and more criticism of its method of achieving them, which has exacted a terrible cost for the general population. There are also social media posts and demonstrations supporting Hamas. Again, it is not clear how much these reflect broad opinion or are organized “by the party”.

The humanitarian situation in Gaza is gradually worsening as the supplies provided by donors are both insufficient and plundered by Hamas. This is one of the reasons for the increasing criticism of Hamas by the Palestinian population. Many critics claim that Hamas is deliberately depriving the population of the aid. There is mounting pressure on Israel to allow more aid to enter Gaza, but that means the trucks will not be checked diligently enough to prevent weapons and other equipment from being brought in for use by Hamas and the other armed groups. Smuggling from Egyptian territory on trucks and through tunnels was Hamas’s and other groups’ main source of weapons prior to the war. There have also been attempts to smuggle through Israel (in one case a couple of years ago, Israeli security personnel found that a shipment of canned food had electronics for military equipment inside the cans instead of food). During the current war, Israeli security has found and captured items for military use when searching humanitarian supply trucks.

Two other issues are delaying the transfer of supplies into Gaza:

• Egyptian truck drivers are complaining that when their trucks cross the border they are damaged by crowds of Gazans charging them to unload the supplies. More and more drivers are refusing to enter Gaza and are demanding that Palestinian trucks come to the border and transfer the loads, which of course delays the transport.
• Small numbers of Israeli protesters sometimes block the entrances from Israel and demand that the continuance of supplies be conditional on the release of the hostages.

In one incident, in order to prevent Hamas from taking incoming aid supplies, Palestinian civilians broke into the border terminal with Egypt to ransack trucks before they crossed the border. Hamas police opened fire on them, killing a teenager. In response, his family attacked the policemen, killing two of them. Such events have been recurring. In another incident a truck driver was killed by stones thrown at him. In another, a crowd charged a moving truck and many were run over. Locals have also reported on social media that trucks passing from southern to northern Gaza to feed the population there were ransacked enroute by groups of Palestinians who then sold the goods at the market.

A partial solution has been to parachute in aid. This has its own complications. The first is controlling air traffic over Gaza during combat operations to prevent accidents. Then there is the issue that flying high enough to prevent aircraft being shot down by Hamas means the dispersal of the supplies being dropped is greater (there have been reports of the wind carrying some supplies into the sea and some into Israel). Ensuring that the supplies do not land on the people waiting below means dropping them over empty areas that are harder for the recipients to reach and more difficult to carry back supplies from. (Shortly after writing this, I received a report that a number of Palestinians had been killed by a supply drop that landed on them.) Furthermore, Hamas controls travel in the areas not occupied by Israeli forces, so air drops can only partially bypass its control. They cannot prevent Hamas from grabbing the supplies for its own use, just as it does with the truck convoys.

So far most of the air drops have been by the Jordanians flying through Israel, and this past week there was also an American supply drop. Apparently Egypt, Qatar, the Gulf Emirates and France have also volunteered to send parachuted supplies to Gaza.

A final issue is that parachuted supplies cannot be checked. This is not a problem with the Americans and probably not with some of the Arab states, but Qatar is a supporter of Hamas and has funded it for many years. Any air drops provided by Qatar would be suspect.

Another side of the humanitarian issue is that it is concentrated in certain areas of the Gaza Strip. The photograph below, published on 28 February, shows the local market in the town of Nuseyrat:

(photograph from Palestinian social media by Israeli blogger Abu Ali Express)

Another issue that has appeared on the social media of Gazans is that the aid is not being handed out but rather sold at exorbitant prices. This means that instead of the aid donated by foreign states and NGOs being treated as donations, Hamas is using it to earn cash at the population’s expense.

The Egyptian army has considerably reinforced its border obstacle with Gaza with concrete walls, barbed-wire fences, and so on to prevent Gazans from moving into Egypt.

 

The Egyptian Reinforced Border Obstacle

Gaza on the left, Egypt on the right

(photograph from Palestinian social media by Israeli blogger Abu Ali Express)

Lebanon:

The exchange of fire on the Israel-Lebanon border continues at a varying but fairly low intensity.

Israeli casualties on the Lebanese border since 7 October have been 15 killed (four of them civilians) and several dozen wounded. All told, since the beginning of the war Hezbollah has fired approximately 4,000 rockets and exploding drones into Israel as well as a few hundred guided anti-tank missiles (mostly Kornet, some the latest Russian version with ranges of up to 10 kilometers).

Hezbollah has admitted that so far 239 of its personnel have been killed (20 of them in Syria). This number does not include non-Shiite members of Hezbollah who probably number at least a couple of dozen.

Other Lebanese and Lebanese-based Palestinian organizations have also participated in the exchanges and approximately 45 of their members have been killed. Another Lebanese soldier was killed this month, so total Lebanese military casualties are now two killed and half a dozen wounded.

An interesting story circulating in Lebanese social media is that anonymous Lebanese are phoning people living in various villages in southern Lebanon and telling them to leave before an imminent Israeli attack. It is not clear if these are youngsters pulling pranks or part of a political demonstration against Hezbollah.

Syria:

Though there have been some exchanges of fire involving Shiite militia rocket attacks and Israeli air strikes, artillery fire and tank fire, their frequency has gone down. Israeli attacks have killed at least a dozen Iranian officers, Hezbollah personnel and other Shiite militias. (There are several thousand Shiite troops from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iraq in Syria right now. They are funded, organized, equipped, trained and operated by the Iranians.)

Judea and Samaria:

The fighting in Judea and Samaria continues with the IDF intensifying its raids, especially in the Jenin area (the northern edge of Samaria). Each IDF entry into Palestinian towns faces varying intensities of resistance, including bombs planted under roads (cleared by bulldozers that tear up the asphalt), rifles, grenades and improvised hand-thrown bombs, as well as petrol bombs.

The Palestinians claim that almost 7,400 people have been arrested but the official Israeli number is only about 3,000, of whom approximately 50% belong to Hamas and the others to other groups. The discrepancy is apparently because the Palestinians count anyone who was detained even if they were released after being questioned. Approximately 410 terrorists have been killed, most during Israeli raids on their bases in the major Palestinian towns and the rest while conducting attacks on Israeli soldiers and civilians.

The majority of the killed are Hamas and some are Palestinian Islamic Jihad, but quite a few are also from Fatah-controlled armed groups. Fatah governs the Palestinian Authority in Judea and Samaria and officially supports the peace treaty with Israel, but unofficially (for purposes of deniability) maintains armed groups that conduct terrorist attacks. These are manned (supposedly when off-duty), funded and trained by the official armed forces of the Palestinian Authority. The Palestinians have also reported 4,600 wounded but have not published details breaking down this number.

Children are being used in combat in the West Bank. In one instance, a 14-year-old attacked an Israeli check-post. He walked up to an Israeli soldier standing near the post, began talking to him, then pulled out a knife and attempted to stab him. He was killed and will be declared an “innocent child” who was killed by the Israelis.

Iran and its proxies versus the US and its allies:

Following the attack that killed three Americans and wounded approximately 40 more in northeastern Jordan last month, and the American response, which killed a number of Shiite militia commanders and more “regular” troops, there has been near quiet on that front. There are reports that Iran has ordered the Shiite militias of Iraq, which had been conducting the attacks on the Americans, to cease.

Contrarily, the exchanges of fire between the Houthis in Yemen and the combined American and European fleets in the Red Sea have continued unabated, though they are still small-scale. The Houthis continue to attack merchant ships and have even succeeded in sinking one. The Americans and British have responded with air strikes on Houthi camps and combat positions, attempting to destroy their launch capabilities. Though they have reported successes, they have not yet reached a level sufficient to force the Houthis to desist from their attacks.

The Houthis have made their first use of a remotely piloted exploding submersible. It was detected and destroyed before hitting any targets. They also managed to shoot down an American remotely piloted aircraft that was flying over their positions.

Towards the end of February, the Houthis added a new target: submarine internet cables that connect parts of eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to the international internet. The Houthis officially denied that they tore the cables. It should be noted that damage to such cables is a fairly common occurrence around the world. It is often the result of natural causes (sea floor landslides or earthquakes, shark bites, etc.), accidents (passing ships that dropped anchors or fishnets) or criminal actions (the cables are very expensive and there have been numerous cases in which sections have been cut, stolen and sold on the black market).

Throughout the entire confrontation, an Iranian intelligence-gathering ship has been sailing in the southern Red Sea, sometimes exiting to the Indian Ocean. It is assumed that they are helping the Houthis find targets.

Meanwhile, truck convoy alternatives have been initiated to transport merchandise to and from the Persian Gulf through Saudi Arabia and Jordan, thereby bypassing Yemen. These are less financially efficient than ships so are relevant only as a stop-gap measure.

In Iran itself, a central gas pipe exploded on the night of 13-14 February. The Iranians are blaming Israel. The explosion cut off the main supply route for gas from the processing plants adjacent to the Persian Gulf to Isfahan, Qom and Tehran in northern Iran.

Israeli casualties:

Currently the total for the single day of 7 October is 1,150 – civilians, military, police, firefighters, medical personnel, etc. Some are still unaccounted for, and some of the people kidnapped to Gaza were dead when taken or have died in captivity and are still not confirmed.

After the rescue operation in the heart of Rafah, there are still 132 kidnapped Israelis and non-Israelis in Gaza. How many are alive and how many dead is not known, though the current estimate is that at least 30 are dead and perhaps more. In the negotiations with Hamas, Israel has demanded a listing of all hostages both alive and dead, but Hamas has refused to provide it.

In addition, 19 Israeli civilians have been killed in Hamas rocket attacks and five by Hezbollah. Another 17 Israeli civilians have been killed and 132 wounded by Palestinians from Judea and Samaria. Some Israelis were attacked in Judea and Samaria and some inside pre-1967 Israel by terrorists who managed to infiltrate. The so-called Green Line separating the two areas from 1949 is a tortuous line through hilly and vegetation-covered terrain. Israel built a fence along it (called a “wall” by Israel’s detractors, though only 10% is a wall, to prevent direct flat trajectory fire at Israeli villages or roads). The fence is constantly patrolled and has electronic surveillance devices, but no such protection is ever 100% – especially as in some areas there is a mixed population.

As of 8 March 2024, a total of 587 IDF soldiers have been killed on all fronts since and including 7 October (the number for 7 October is periodically updated as more are confirmed killed who were previously listed as missing).

The total number of Israeli wounded is approximately 14,000. The number of IDF personnel within this figure has not been updated.

Initially the number of Israelis who were forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon reached approximately 250,000. Over the past couple of weeks many have returned home, though the exact number is not clear; there are probably approximately 200,000 Israelis who are still refugees inside Israel. Most are receiving government aid, some have moved into kibbutzim that have donated housing and other assistance to the families, and some are receiving assistance from private individuals or voluntary aid committees.

Palestinian casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that so far almost 32,000 Gazans have been killed and approximately 72,000 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians.

According to the IDF, at least 13,000 terrorists from Hamas and other groups have been killed and probably another 13,000 wounded. Hamas admits to 6,000 of its personnel killed – the first time they have provided any real number. The IDF has also captured many terrorists, though the exact number has not been divulged. From anecdotal information it can be estimated at around 2,000, or perhaps as many as 2,500. Given that Hamas and the other groups had 40,000 to 50,000 personnel between them (different sources provide different numbers, and there is a problem counting part-timers as opposed to regulars or official “reserves”), these numbers represent a sizeable chunk of their manpower.

The Palestinians have also been claiming deaths from starvation but have not provided any corroboration. One photograph depicting an emaciated child in a hospital showed his father sitting next to him in full health and sound body, suggesting that the child was suffering from an illness, not starvation.

Several studies of the casualty numbers provided by the Palestinians – numbers that are quoted as fact by the UN, NGOs and many media outlets – indicate that those numbers are likely fictitious. They are too precise and too repetitive in terms of numbers per day and percentages of men, women and children. These and other issues seem to show that they are not based on actual information collection. A typical example is: https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-gaza-health-ministry-fakes-casualty-numbers.

It should be noted that in all previous confrontations with Hamas a similar process was identified, and later reviews and studies revealed that Hamas exaggerated the civilian component of Palestinian casualties. Often, the IDF’s initial numbers and totals were closer to the reality.

Israeli propaganda leaflet:

Is the fate of Sinwar’s children more important than the fate of your children?

(after airing of footage showing Sinwar’s family hiding in the tunnels)

WHAT NEXT?

If there is no agreement for a ceasefire in the coming weeks, the probable development will be that as the fighting in Khan Yunis winds down, the IDF will begin to attack in Rafah. Prior to this it will have to move the population that has concentrated there from the other areas; there are now approximately 1 million people there in addition to the original 300,000 who were living there prior to the war.

There are two directions in which they can theoretically be moved:

• Into Egypt. This is not an option, as the Egyptians have made clear that they will not allow this under any circumstances. They have beefed up the border obstacle and military presence near the border in order to prevent this.
• Further north along the coast. This would require setting up new camps to accommodate the population.

Another area the Israelis have not yet entered in force is the urban conglomeration around Nuseyrat, between Khan Yunis and Gaza City. So far they have only conducted raids into this area, some small (companies or battalions) and some brigade-sized, lasting a few days each.

Taking the Rafah corridor will disconnect Gaza from the border with Egypt and enable the Israelis to search for and destroy the numerous smuggling tunnels dug by the Gazans under that border. Originally there were a couple of thousand tunnels (many big enough to allow the passage of small trucks), but in the summer of 2013, then-new Egyptian president al-Sisi ordered his army to shut them down. The Egyptians also dug a moat along the border to prevent new tunnels being dug and razed all of southern Rafah on their side of the border to a distance of 1 kilometer in order to increase the length necessary to reach built-up areas before coming to the surface. These measures reduced the number of tunnels, but gradually the Gazans managed to maintain several dozens of active tunnels.

The Israeli civilian and military leadership is stating that achieving the final objective of destroying Hamas’s military power will take many more months of continuous and repetitive operations. After a few months in which the strategy as been massed offensives to locate and kill as many Hamas personnel as possible, it is now changing to a strategy of gradual attrition as Hamas attempts to play the long game, operating only in small hit-and-run teams.

Hamas leaders are banking on the western states pressuring Israel to halt. Thus, their strategy is to try to draw out the war. They are willing to do some damage to the Israeli forces, but not to concentrate in such a way as to conduct full-scale battles that would expose their personnel to rapid mass casualty infliction by the IDF.

A new idea is being discussed for increasing humanitarian aid to the population of Gaza:

“The [United States] Department of Defense has announced that over 1,000 Soldiers with the U.S. Army’s 7th Expeditionary Transportation Brigade out of Fort Eustis in Norfolk, Virginia will Participate in the Construction of a Temporary Floating-Pier that will be Anchored off the Coast of the Gaza Strip and will be Built utilizing Joint Logistics-Over-the-Shore (JLOTS) Elements from the U.S. Army and Navy, with the Pier expected to take Two Weeks to Construct and eventually providing over 2 Million Meals a Day; they further state that the Operation is now underway with Forces currently preparing to Deploy, but that it will not require “Boots on the Ground” in the Gaza Strip with U.S. Ground Troops only involved in Anchoring the Pier.”

(https://twitter.com/sentdefender/status/1766195262387552754?t=0shb4N8q4sOEO2VfsadJRQ&s=08)

I am not sure how the meals will be transferred from the floating pier to the shore or who will defend the pier from Hamas.

Meanwhile, on the Lebanese border, the current tit-for-tat exchange of fire continues. Tactically the IDF is winning, as shown by the casualty ratio of almost 20 to 1 in its favor. However, strategically the situation is in Hezbollah’s favor. The approximately 100,000 Israeli civilians from the northern towns and villages that have become refugees inside Israel are still unable to return home. For them to return would require either that Hezbollah agrees to withdraw all its forces at least 10 to 15 kilometers from the border or is forced to do so by an escalated Israeli offensive taking the ground to that depth or more and conducting a massed bombing campaign on Hezbollah’s rear areas. Israeli leaders say they would prefer a diplomatic solution, but if it fails they will order the military to attack into Lebanon.

Palestinian firing an RPG from a second storey window.

Behind him is another man.

In response the house was hit by an aerial bomb.

(IDF Spokesperson’s Office)

Negotiations:

There have been many reports of negotiations between Israel and Hamas but no concrete results.

In return for handing over the remaining hostages, Hamas and its partner/rival the Palestinian Islamic Jihad are demanding a complete and final ceasefire, total Israeli withdrawal from Gaza territory, the release of all their members held in Israel (more than 5,000), and international guarantees that Israel will not renew its offensive afterwards.

Israel obviously refuses to accept these conditions. Despite the media noise around demonstrations by families of hostages and groups supporting them who demand that Israel accept these demands (not all the families agree), polls show that the vast majority of the Israeli public does not agree, and so far, neither does the government. The argument put forward by those against the deal is that accepting it might save the current hostages but would cost many more times that number of Israeli lives in the future.

Israel has sent a counteroffer, but details have not been published by reliable sources.

In Gaza itself, more citizens are criticizing Hamas for initiating the war and demanding that it surrender the hostages to stop Gazan suffering. As of yet, only a small minority has dared to come out in the open with these sentiments, so it is not clear how representative they are of the majority of the population. The general tone is less critical of Hamas goals and more critical of the failure of the way Hamas chose to achieve them, and the cost the general population is paying for that failure. There are also social media posts and demonstrations in the opposite direction that support Hamas, but there too, it is not clear how much these expressions reflect Gazan general opinion or are organized “by the party”.

Iran and its proxies versus the US and its allies:

The sporadic exchanges of fire in eastern Syria, western Iraq and northeastern Jordan between US forces and Iranian proxy militias climaxed on 28 January with the killing of three Americans and the wounding of approximately 40 more in an attack by a pro-Iranian Iraqi militia. The attacked American base is in northeastern Jordan near the border triangle of Jordan-Syria-Iraq. The American camp is near a training camp for a Syrian rebel group that is supported by the US with funding, weapons and training. Since the Hamas terror offensive on 7 October and Israel’s counter-offensive in Gaza, there have been more than 160 attacks on American bases in Syria, Iraq and Jordan. However, until the 28 January attack, only one American was reported to have died (from a heart attack during one attack) with approximately 70 wounded. The US has usually responded with measured aerial strikes.

At time of writing (3 February), the US has conducted a retaliatory airstrike. American aircraft bombed three sites in Iraq and four in Syria belonging to the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Quds Force and various Iraqi proxy groups. The Revolutionary Guard Quds Force is the organization responsible for “exporting the Islamic revolution” by supporting non-Iranian Shiite militias and other offensive actors around the world. According to the official US declaration, more than 125 guided munitions were launched at 85 separate targets located at command centers, missile and drone facilities, and logistical facilities.

According to Iraqi authorities and residents of the targeted areas in Iraq, the militia personnel located at those sites exploited the five-day delay in the American response to vacate. The sites are located inside residential areas, so most of the 16 people killed and 23 wounded in the American strikes were (they claim) uninvolved civilians. The spokesperson for the Iraqi army declared the American strikes to be an infringement of Iraqi sovereignty. This was not the first such declaration by an official of the Iraqi government. Ater a previous American airstrike responding to attacks on American bases, an Iraqi official said Iraq would demand that the US remove its troops from the country. Whether this is just internal political posturing or a change in the official policy of Iraq is not yet clear.

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 23 people were killed in the American attacks on Syrian territory. Other sources report that there were at least 25 killed and at least 16 wounded.

According to al-Jazeera, Iraqi Shiite militias have retaliated for these attacks by firing at two American bases in eastern Syria and one in western Iraq. It appears that at least one of these attacks did not really occur and the report was mere propaganda.

One strange statement quoted an American official as saying that Iran is not really responsible for the strikes on Americans because it does not have full control over the proxies it manages. This statement was probably made to enable the US to refrain from directly striking Iran in response to the recent deadly attack.

The obvious question that now arises is whether there are more American operations planned and how Iran and its proxies will respond. Parties on both sides say they do not want all-out war or a direct confrontation. Following the attack on the American base and before the US response, one Iraqi militia said it would cease attacking American bases – clearly a ploy to protect itself from the expected response. Will it indeed stop, or will it resume following the American retaliation?

What is clear for now is that none of this is likely to affect the confrontation in the Red Sea between the Yemenite Houthis and Western navies. Exchanges of fire there have continued unabated, though they are still small in scale. By 2 February there had been some 30 attacks on merchant ships sailing through the Red Sea. Of these, 13 were hit by missiles or exploding drones and one was hijacked. One attempt to hijack a ship was thwarted. There have been reports of missiles fired at military ships as well, but most have not been confirmed. In one case the US Navy reported that some missiles fired at one of its ships had been intercepted and fell into the sea.

Meanwhile, truck convoy alternatives to transport merchandise to and from the Persian Gulf, bypassing Yemen, have been initiated. These are financially less efficient than ships so are relevant only as a stop-gap measure.

The Hague – South Africa’s attempt to convict Israel of genocide:

The judges on the panel of the International Court of Justice decided to evade the issue. They accepted as true the Hamas claims of numbers of Palestinian casualties, but did not accept the South African claim that there is sufficient evidence to warrant an investigation into a possible genocide by Israel of the Palestinians. It declared that Israel must refrain from beginning to conduct a genocide and said it should take care to reduce civilian casualties and enable humanitarian assistance to reach Gaza. Israel is already doing all of these things in any case. The judges also refrained from demanding an immediate ceasefire.

UNRWA:

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) has come under intense scrutiny and sanctions following the release by Israel of evidence that some of its personnel were actively involved in the 7 October attack on Israel. A gradually growing number of Western states (16 at last count) have announced that they will cease funding the organization. These 16 states collectively provide about two-thirds of UNRWA’s budget. Spain, Belgium and Scotland have said they will not stop funding the organization, but are unable to replace the shortfall. Interestingly, of the top ten donors to UNRWA, only one is an Arab state (Saudi Arabia) and one other is a non-Arab Muslim state (Turkey). At the lower levels of funding there are another two Arab states (Qatar and Bahrain). The three Arab states together provide approximately the same amount as Germany alone.

The revelations about UNRWA’s participation in the October 7 massacre do not surprise Israelis. Israel has been saying for quite some time that the organization has the personnel of Hamas and other terrorist groups on its payroll, and that those employees were actively using UNRWA grounds, facilities and funds to support the activities of their terrorist employers. Weapons and other equipment have been found by IDF troops in UNRWA sites.

UNRWA was established during the 1948 war between the Jews and the Arabs. It was supposed to receive the Arab refugees from the war, sustain them and prepare them for new lives. However, what UNRWA actually did was entrench their refugee status as permanent.

A separate UN organization, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), caters to the needs of all other refugees around the world. UNRWA supports 5.4 million alleged Palestinian refugees whereas UNHCR supports more than 70 million refugees from other nations. Yet the budget per person for UNRWA is almost double that of UNHCR. Furthermore, UNRWA has approximately 30,000 members of staff (one per 180 alleged refugees), whereas UNHCR has a staff of approximately 16,800 (one per approximately 4,200 refugees).

I have written “alleged refugees” for the Palestinians because if the UN’s own rules were applied, most of them would not be considered refugees. For example, many Palestinian refugees received Jordanian citizenship but are still considered refugees. Any UNHCR refugee who receives citizenship from another country automatically loses refugee status.

Gaza:

Fighting in the Khan Yunis area continues as described in earlier updates – a deadly form of “hide and seek” through buildings and streets. However, in addition to fighting the above-ground battle, Israeli units have apparently begun entering the tunnels under Khan Younis and are fighting underground as well. Previously, underground operations were carried out only after an area had been cleared of Hamas in order to search for information before destroying the tunnels. It appears that now, Israeli troops are advancing underground while the fighting is still ongoing above ground.

For a few days before Israeli forces entered Khan Yunis, they dropped leaflets calling on the population to leave, but the percentage that did so was much lower than in Gaza City. Over the past few days, there has been an increasing movement of Palestinian civilians out of the battle area, and the IDF has opened ceasefire corridors to allow them to do so. It has placed cameras to observe the people walking through these corridors to catch known terrorists and has arrested approximately 340.

In northern Gaza there are indications that Hamas personnel are reappearing more and more. Occasionally there are skirmishes between them and Israeli forces patrolling or raiding into the area. These are not only people who hid during the fighting there, but also terrorist personnel who came up from the south via tunnels that connect Gaza City to other areas. These tunnels pass beneath the Israeli blocking force. The IDF has been searching for these tunnels and on 24 January destroyed one of them. The question is, how many more are there?

Over the past couple of days, the IDF has once again begun to drop flyers in Gaza City telling the population to move south. This might suggest an intention to return to that area, even if only to conduct patrols or raids against returning Hamas personnel.

Photograph published in Palestinian social media of an IDF flyer telling them to move south from Gaza City

Source: Israeli blogger Abu Ali Express, who collects and translates posts in Arab social media

Israeli fatalities in Gaza have approached 225. One major incident, on 22 January, caused the largest number of Israeli casualties in a single incident since 7 October, with 21 fatalities and nine wounded. It occurred near the border of Gaza with Israel. An Israeli unit ordered to clear the near-border area to enable a clear view of the ground from the Israeli side was preparing buildings for demolition. They made the mistake of connecting the charges before all their personnel had withdrawn from the buildings. An RPG (shoulder-launched rocket) fired by a Hamas team hidden in an orchard hit one building and set off a chain reaction of explosions that collapsed the buildings on top of the Israeli soldiers still inside. This was similar to the incident described in the last update, but that one occurred in open ground.

Hamas is still firing rockets into Israel – mostly toward the areas close to Gaza, but occasionally toward Beersheva, Ashdod and Tel Aviv as well. The number of total launches per day is fairly small, with at most a few dozen and usually fewer, and on some days there are no launches at all. To achieve maximum effect, Hamas is attempting to launch rockets in concentrated salvos. The total number of rocket launches identified to date is approximately 10,500, but only about 9,000 crossed the border into Israel; the remainder fell inside Gaza.

Israel has officially mentioned the existence of an operation to flood the tunnels in Gaza City. This project began about a month into the war, but the results have been partial at best. The underground tunnels are not all connected, many have blast-proof and waterproof doors, and there are various other problems. So while the operation worked, its results were not enough to solve the problem of the tunnels.

During this period the size of the Israeli force inside Gaza has been gradually reduced, and more reserve units have been demobilized.

Egypt has begun a project to provide fresh water to Gaza with pipes laid near the shore of the Mediterranean. Most of the fresh water in Gaza comes from wells into the aquifer, but overuse has caused many to become less useable. The other source is water pipes from Israel.

Truck convoys with humanitarian supplies are entering Gaza through Israel on a daily basis. Israel inspects these supplies and in at least one case found equipment for Hamas (kits for assembling quadcopters used for surveillance when dropping bombs). Some inside Israel argue that these convoys should be halted until Hamas returns the hostages, and on a few occasions small groups of protesters have blocked entry routes until they were moved aside or apprehended by Israeli police.

Israel has released a few hundred Palestinian civilians captured in Gaza after it was determined that they were not members of Hamas or other terrorist organizations. Israel has also returned bodies of Palestinians collected from areas taken by the IDF during the war.

Lebanon:

The exchange of fire on the Israel-Lebanon border continues at a varying but fairly low intensity.

Israeli casualties on the Lebanese border since 7 October have been 14 killed (four of them civilians) and several dozen wounded. All told, Hezbollah has fired approximately 2,500 rockets and exploding drones into Israel since the beginning of the war.

Hezbollah says 179 of its personnel have been killed (15 of them in Syria). According to Israel, the actual figure is approximately 200 if one includes non-Shiite members of Hezbollah who are generally not admitted to be part of the organization and therefore do not appear in official Hezbollah reports.

Other Lebanese and Lebanon-based Palestinian organizations have also participated in the exchanges, and at least 25 of their members have been killed as well. One Lebanese soldier was killed accidentally and three wounded in an IDF strike, for which Israel issued a formal apology to the Lebanese government.

There have been reports in the Israeli media of IDF ground units conducting training relevant to the Lebanese theater.

Syria:

Exchanges of fire across the Syrian border have continued since the last update but were still minimal, especially compared to the Lebanese front. Since the beginning of the war, Iranian proxies and Hezbollah stationed in Syria have fired a few hundred rockets into Israel and Israel has responded with airstrikes and tank fire. There have been no Israeli casualties on this front, but some Hezbollah personnel, Iranian proxies (Iraqis, Afghans, Pakistanis), Syrians, Iranians, and Palestinians belonging to Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad have been killed or wounded.

An Israeli strike in Damascus on 19 January killed five senior personnel of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards stationed there as well as six Syrian officers. A few days later reports began to circulate that Iran was withdrawing some personnel. Iran has denied these reports, claiming it was withdrawing only the families of personnel stationed in Syria.

Judea and Samaria:

Fighting continues in Judea and Samaria with the IDF intensifying its raids, especially in the Jenin area (the northern edge of Samaria). Each IDF entry into Palestinian towns faces varying intensities of resistance, with bombs planted under roads (these are cleared by using bulldozers to tear up the asphalt), rifles, grenades and improvised hand-thrown bombs, as well as petrol bombs.

Updates on events in this area have been scarce and partial.

The Palestinians claim that almost 5,000 people have been arrested but the official Israeli number is only about 2,550, of whom approximately 1,300 belong to Hamas and the others to other groups. The discrepancy is apparently because the Palestinians count anyone who was detained even if they were released after questioning. Approximately 380 terrorists have been killed, mostly during Israeli raids on their bases in the major Palestinian towns and the rest while conducting attacks on Israeli soldiers and civilians.

The majority of the killed are Hamas and some are Palestinian Islamic Jihad, but quite a few are also from Fatah-controlled armed groups. Fatah governs the Palestinian Authority in Judea and Samaria and officially supports the peace treaty with Israel, but unofficially (for reasons of deniability) maintains armed groups that conduct terrorist attacks. These are often manned (supposedly when off-duty), funded and trained by official armed forces of the Palestinian Authority. A particularly interesting event was the infiltration of an Israeli force dressed as medical staff into a hospital in Jenin where two terrorists belonging to Palestinian Islamic Jihad and one from Hamas were hiding and planning an attack on Israeli settlements. All three terrorists were killed. There were no other casualties.

Iraq-Israel:

An Iraqi Shiite militia funded by the Iraqi government has declared its intention to lay a maritime siege on Israel in the Mediterranean Sea. Iraq does not have access to the Mediterranean, but the militia claimed to have launched attacks on Israel’s two international seaports at Haifa and Ashdod. It is not known whether they launched attacks or not, but no missiles or exploding drones came anywhere near these towns on the days when the militia alleges the attacks were conducted. There were reports of “aerial targets” intercepted over northern Israel, but it is not clear if these were from Lebanon or eastern Syria or Iraq.

Israeli casualties:

The total for the single day of 7 October has risen to 1,140 – civilians, military, police, firefighters, medical personnel, etc. There are still some people unaccounted for, and some of the people kidnapped to Gaza were dead when taken or have died in captivity and are still not confirmed.

There are still almost 130 kidnapped Israelis (since the last update a few more of the missing have been confirmed to have been kidnapped) and nine non-Israelis in Gaza. How many are alive and how many dead is not known, though the current estimate is that at least 20 are dead.

In addition, 19 Israeli civilians have been killed in Hamas rocket attacks.

As of 31 January 2024, a total of 561 IDF soldiers have been killed on all fronts since and including 7 October (the number for 7 October is periodically updated as more are confirmed killed who were previously listed as missing).

The total number of Israeli wounded is approximately 14,000. The number of IDF personnel within this figure has not been updated.

Initially, the number of Israelis who were forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon was approximately 250,000. Over the past few weeks many have returned home, though the exact number is not clear; there are probably about 200,000 Israelis still living as refugees inside Israel. Most are receiving government aid, some have moved into kibbutzim that have donated housing and other assistance to the families, and some are receiving assistance from private individuals or voluntary aid committees.

Palestinian casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that so far nearly 27,500 Gazans have been killed and approximately 66,500 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians. According to the IDF, at least 10,500 terrorists from Hamas and other groups have been killed and more than 10,000 wounded. The number of terrorists wounded was last updated a few days ago, so it is probably higher by now. The IDF has also captured many terrorists, though the exact number has not been divulged. From anecdotal information it can be estimated at around 1,000. Given that Hamas and the other groups had 40,000 to 50,000 personnel between them (different sources provide different numbers and there is a problem counting part-timers as opposed to regulars or official “reserves”), these numbers represent a sizeable chunk of their manpower.

WHAT NEXT?

The IDF is toning down its operations in Gaza and releasing more and more reservists, though many have already received orders for re-enlistment at a future date to enable a rotation of forces. However, the government continues to insist that the goal has not changed: the destruction of Hamas, though this will take many more months of operations to achieve.

The Gaza Strip is roughly divided into four areas: the north around Gaza City, the south along the border with Egypt and the city of Rafah, and two strips in the center, with Nuseyrat near the northern area and Khan Yunis between Nuseyrat and Rafah. The IDF conquered the northern area and has since moved gradually out of it. It is now concentrating its operations on Khan Yunis, with a much smaller effort in the Nuseyrat area as well. It has not yet entered the Rafah area with ground troops.

Attacking into Rafah is not just a military issue because this area borders Egypt, and Egypt does not want the Palestinian population crossing the border into Egyptian territory. Since the war began it has built a strong wall and fences along the border and placed forces near it. Before Israel operates in the Rafah area it will need to coordinate this action with the Egyptians.

After having withdrawn from northern Gaza, the IDF is now indicating, with flyers to civilians, that it intends to continue operating there. The object is to attack Hamas personnel that stayed hidden during the initial IDF offensive and those who have come up from the southern areas via tunnels.

On the Lebanese border there has been a slight escalation in the intensity of fighting, but so far it is still small-scale. The Israeli government has declared that it prefers a diplomatic solution that pushes Hezbollah north (something the UN forces in the area were supposed to do from 2006 on, but never really attempted). If this is not achieved, Israel will push Hezbollah back to enable its civilians to return safely to their homes near the border.

The IDF has released reports on units conducting training specific to the situation in the north (Gaza is flat – Lebanon is hilly; Gaza is urban – south Lebanon is mostly villages; Hezbollah has different weapons and tactics than Hamas; etc.). However, given the mass demobilization of reserves, an Israeli escalation in the north is unlikely to occur over the next few weeks. The government and the IDF want the reserve personnel to rest and recuperate with their families and want to ease the economic situation. Furthermore, any diplomatic solution will take time to achieve and if that is really what they prefer, they will have to give it time.

Meanwhile, there has been an escalation in fighting between the US and Iranian proxies and allies. Will both sides pull back from the brink of what seems to be the beginning of a much greater cycle of escalation, or will they continue to exchange ever-heavier blows? For the US there are also internal considerations. This is an election year – how will such an escalation play out in the minds of the voters? As it is, President Biden is facing severe criticism from a large group of his typical voters because of his support for Israel. Will a more aggressive US policy against forces considered to be supporting the Palestinians, even though they are also attacking American assets, be more or less conducive to an election victory for Biden? Furthermore, the US is already finding it difficult to support Ukraine’s needs in its war with Russia, and now it is supporting Israel – to some degree at Ukraine’s expense. The war in Ukraine revealed that NATO’s military manufacturing capability had been reduced well below red lines across the board. An American war against anybody would make this problem even worse.

***

25 December 2023 – 4 January 2024

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Gaza:

Over the past two weeks the fighting in Gaza City and its northern suburbs, Beit Hanoun, Beit Lahia and Jabalia, has decreased significantly and the IDF has withdrawn five of its brigades from the area. What fighting is occurring involves small-scale guerrilla-style attacks (sporadic hit-and-run strikes) by the remnants of Hamas personnel still remaining.

Fighting continues to be intense in Khan Yunis, but there too, Hamas tactics have moved from trying to hold ground to trying to ambush or raid Israeli forces with small teams.

Around the middle of last week, Israeli ground forces entered the conglomeration of built-up areas in central Gaza (see Deir al-Balah – Al Buraij on the map). From the start, resistance was not as strong as it was in Gaza City or Khan Yunis.

The reduced intensity of the fighting can be seen in Israeli casualty figures, with 23 killed in 11 days versus 40 in the previous 11 days. Total Israeli fatalities in Gaza have now accumulated to 173. The IDF also reported that a couple of weeks ago it tried and failed to free a kidnappee who was killed in the attempt.

Israel has declared a change in strategy: it is reducing the intensity of its operations and reconfiguring them as counter-guerrilla operations. However, according to Israeli officials the war should continue for another six months at least.

During the first seven weeks of fighting inside Gaza, the IDF neutralized more than 30,000 bombs of various sizes. In Iraq and Afghanistan NATO forces used the term IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices), but in Gaza the “I” (Improvised) is inaccurate. These are factory-manufactured bombs of various types. The majority are fragmentation against infantry (equivalent to the American Claymore but usually two or three times bigger), while the others are hollow charges against armored vehicles, self-forming slugs against armored vehicles, and simple high explosives for collapsing buildings on top of whoever is inside. There were also some improvised types, such as kitchen gas canisters placed inside “innocent” vehicles parked at the sides of roads. Most were remote-controlled by wire with TV cameras aimed at the sites so the operators could hide elsewhere and set off the bombs when Israeli troops approached the locations.

Destruction of a Hamas underground complex.

Note the extent of the complex relative to building sizes

Map of tunnels (gray lines) overlaid on satellite photograph. The red circles are tunnel entrances

According to the mayor of Rafah, the southernmost city in Gaza, there are roughly 1.3 million refugees in his district. If he is not exaggerating, this means the majority of the Palestinians moving from northern Gaza, central Gaza and Khan Yunis have arrived in the southern tip of Gaza.

Hamas-affiliated channels have been calling for a campaign of Egyptian citizens in Sinai (south of Gaza) to break the siege of Gaza. The implication is that they want the Gaza-Egypt border to be opened, something the Egyptian government refuses to do. Egypt has even posted military units near the border to prevent Palestinians from crossing it.

Hamas is still firing rockets into Israel – mostly near Gaza but also towards Beersheva, Ashdod and the Tel Aviv areas, and once towards Jerusalem. The number of total launches per day is fairly small, involving at most a few dozen and usually fewer, so to achieve maximum effect they are attempting to launch them in concentrated salvos. The total number of rockets fired so far is approaching 11,000. Occasionally one of the rockets gets through the Iron Dome interception system and causes damage, but the number of people being hurt by them is minimal. In most cases there have been no injuries.

Lebanon:

The exchange of fire on the Israel-Lebanon border has escalated over the past 11 days. In the last update there were reports of Hezbollah withdrawing some of its troops from the border. This was apparently a tactical withdrawal to reduce casualties incurred from Israeli strikes and counterstrikes. The Israeli strikes have also escalated both in number and in distance of targets from the border. Whereas previously, most of the Israeli strikes were responses, more are now preemptive in nature.

Another Israeli was killed in Hezbollah attacks, increasing Israeli casualties on the Lebanese border to 12 killed (two of them civilians) since 7 October and several dozen wounded. Hezbollah has increasingly used explosive drones in its attacks. These have two advantages over guided anti-tank missiles. First, they have a longer range, which protects the launch crew from Israeli detection and counterstrike and enables strikes on targets further inside Israel. Second, they can be directed to attack targets hidden from view from Lebanese terrain. Hezbollah flies surveillance drones into Israel to find targets hidden from sight and then sends explosive drones to hit them. All told, since the beginning of the war Hezbollah has fired approximately 1,500 rockets and exploding drones into Israel.

The IDF has begun dropping leaflets warning the population of southern Lebanon that Hezbollah might use their homes as bases from which to launch attacks against Israel and suggesting that they prevent this from happening.

Hezbollah has admitted to 148 of its personnel killed (13 of them in Syria). An IDF source claimed the true number is 160. The number of wounded is not known. In addition, it has been revealed that the Hezbollah established and has been operating a unit of Palestinians and that this unit, whose casualties have not been disclosed by Hezbollah, has suffered a few dozen fatalities too (this could be the source of the discrepancy in the numbers given above).

On 2 January, one of the top leaders of Hamas was killed in a strike in Beirut near the headquarters of Hezbollah. The strike was attributed to Israel. The person killed, Salah al-Arouri, was deputy head of the Hamas political bureau and one of the founders of Hamas’s military wing. He was also wanted by the United States, which offered $10 million in 2018 for information leading to his arrest. The Hamas operations officer for south Lebanon was killed in the same strike as well as another five Hamas members of various ranks. Al-Arouri’s mother was interviewed on Al-Jazeera, where she said, “This is a joy. He wished for a holy death for a long time. He told me that all his friends had already achieved this and that he had been left behind, late. He wanted very much to die like this. His sister said there was no better way to die.”

Other Lebanese and Lebanese-based Palestinian organizations have also participated in exchanges of fire with Israel and at least 14 of their members have been killed. One Lebanese soldier was killed accidentally and three were wounded in an IDF strike for which Israel issued a formal apology to the Lebanese government.

Syria:

Exchanges of fire from the Syrian border continued since the last update but were still minimal, especially compared to the Lebanese front. Since the beginning of the war, Iranian proxies and Hezbollah stationed in Syria have fired a few hundred rockets into Israel and Israel has responded with airstrikes and tank fire. There have been no Israeli casualties on this front, but a number of Hezbollah personnel (accumulating to 13), Iranian proxies, Syrians and Iranians have been killed or wounded.

IDF aircraft apparently attacked an Iranian military delegation to Syria, killing an unclear number of them (one report claims 11; the Iranians deny this but have provided no other figure). They included a brigadier general (a one-star general in American parlance) who was one of the commanders operating the various Iranian proxy forces stationed in Syria. He was the third Iranian of this rank killed in Syria in December.

Approximately 25 Syrian soldiers have been killed in Israeli strikes, as well as an unspecified number of members of various militias that launched rockets, mortar bombs and exploding drones towards Israel.

Judea and Samaria:

The fighting in Judea and Samaria continues with the IDF intensifying its raids, especially in the Jenin area (the northern edge of Samaria). Each IDF entry into Palestinian towns faces different intensities of resistance, including bombs dug under roads (which are cleared by bulldozers that tear up the asphalt), rifles, grenades, and improvised hand-thrown bombs as well as petrol bombs.

The Palestinians claim that almost 5,000 people have been arrested but the official Israeli number is only 2,450, of whom 1,210 belong to Hamas and the others to other groups. The discrepancy is apparently because the Palestinians count anyone who was detained even if they were released after interrogation. Approximately 300 terrorists have been killed.

There has also been an increase in the number of violent altercations between Palestinian and Israeli civilians over agricultural property rights (field boundaries, grazing rights). There are escalating reports in Western media and mentions by Western politicians of Israeli settler violence against Palestinians in Judea and Samaria. All these reports continue to ignore the attacks by Palestinians on the Israelis living there. An Israeli police report claims that the number of incidents initiated by Israelis has actually decreased over the past two months.

Yemen:

The Houthis have continued to launch missiles and long-range explosive drones towards Israel, but their main effort has shifted to disrupting shipping lanes passing by Yemen in the Red Sea. So far there have been approximately 25 attacks. A number of ships were hit and more were fired upon but escaped being hit. Various American, French and other naval vessels have shot down exploding drones and missiles fired towards the ships.

Because the Red Sea is so narrow, it is not possible for ships to avoid sailing near Yemen. The Red Sea’s entire width is within range of Houthi missiles and exploding drones. In order to protect the ships passing through, the US has organized an international flotilla that includes 22 states (excluding France, Spain and Italy, which refuse to participate). It is not yet clear if the flotilla’s remit will be solely to try to shoot down missiles and drones or also to conduct offensive actions against the Houthis.

A Houthi attempt to board a Danish ship was thwarted as the security personnel returned fire and called for assistance. An American attack helicopter intervened and sank three of the four Houthi boats, killing ten of the attackers.

Another apparent first was a Houthi attempt to hit a ship with a remote-controlled exploding boat. The attack apparently failed.

Iran:

On 3 January, there was a terrorist attack on a memorial procession for Qassem Suleimani, the commander of the Iranian Quds forces who was killed by the US in 2020 for planning attacks on American forces in the Middle East. Eighty-four people were killed and more than 200 wounded. There were two suicide bombers, the first attacking the procession and the second attacking ten minutes later while first responders were working to collect the wounded.

The following day ISIS claimed responsibility for the attack. It then called on Muslims around the world to kill Jews everywhere.

Official notification by ISIS of its responsibility for the terrorist bombing in Iran.

It claims 300 Iranians killed or wounded.

Source: Israeli blogger Abu Ali Express

Despite ISIS’s claim of responsibility, the Iranians officially continue to blame Israel and call the ISIS declaration a fake. But they have also announced an operation to seal Iran’s border with Afghanistan, which ISIS uses as its base of operations in the area.

A caricature published in Iran showing Israel launching an ISIS suicide bomber at the procession

Source: Israeli blogger Abu Ali Express

Iraq and Syria – US forces:

Pro-Iranian Iraqi Shiite militias continue to attack American bases in Iraq and Syria with rockets and exploding drones. Since 18 October, there have been at least 118 such strikes. There are currently approximately 2,500 American troops in Iraq and 900 in eastern Syria.

The US military has responded with airstrikes on suspected militia locations and has killed an unspecified number of them. This week they also killed a higher-ranking officer in one of the pro-Iranian militias. This prompted an angry rebuke from the Iraqi government, which labelled it “a blatant aggression” as well as “a dangerous escalation and assault… The Iraqi armed forces hold the global coalition forces responsible for this unwarranted attack.” The government declared the convening of a committee to plan the end of the American military presence in Iraq.

Israeli casualties:

The total for the single day of 7 October is 1,140, which includes civilians, military, police, firefighters, medical personnel, etc. There are still some people unaccounted for, and some of the people kidnapped to Gaza were dead when taken or have died in captivity and are still not confirmed as dead.

There are still almost 130 kidnapped Israelis (since the last update a few more of the missing were confirmed to have been kidnapped) and nine non-Israelis in Gaza. How many of them are alive and how many dead is not known, though the current estimate is that at least 19 are dead.

In addition, 19 Israeli civilians have been killed in Hamas rocket attacks.

As of 13 December, a total of 507 IDF soldiers had been killed on all fronts since and including 7 October (the number for 7 October is periodically updated as more are confirmed killed who had been listed as missing).

The total number of Israeli wounded is approximately 11,600. The number of IDF regulars and reservists wounded on all fronts together is at least 2,000, of whom approximately 300 were severely wounded and the rest moderately or lightly wounded.

Initially the number of Israelis who were forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon reached approximately 250,000. Over the past couple of weeks many have returned home, though the exact figure is not clear. The official evacuees still number approximately 218,000. Some of the industrial and agricultural sites near the Gaza border that were abandoned in the first days have resumed work.

Palestinian casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that so far approximately 22,440 Gazans have been killed and approximately 57,600 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians, but according to one source, at least 8,500 of them belonged to Hamas or the other militias (an increase of 500 since the last update).

WHAT NEXT?

As far as Israel is concerned, the war’s overall objective has not changed: the destruction of Hamas. As yet there is no end-by date, but that could change if the US, for its own external or internal policy reasons, decides to pressure Israel to desist.

According to Israeli officials, as Hamas resistance diminishes and its tactics change, Israel is gradually changing its strategy in Gaza from all-out regular warfare to a counter-guerrilla offensive. The expectation is that this will have to continue for at least six more months. As a reminder, Operation Defensive Shield in 2002 in Judea and Samaria was a major operation that changed the trend of the Palestinian terror offensive that began in September 2000 and gradually escalated to the point that it was regularly inflicting ever-growing casualties on Israel. Defensive Shield lasted about six weeks, but after that period, the IDF repeated the same modus operandi in a series of smaller repetitive offensive operations over the next three and a half years before the Palestinian terror offensive was finally beaten. The number of attacks on Israelis – and, more importantly, the number of Israeli casualties – dropped from a height of 7,500 attacks and roughly 2,000 killed and wounded per year to approximately 4,000 attacks and 1,000 casualties per year and then to approximately 2,000 attacks and 300 casualties in 2006. The general consensus in Israel is that this is roughly the direction in which the fighting will progress, though of course with different numbers and hopefully for a shorter period.

The situation in Lebanon is in flux. Hezbollah’s partial withdrawal of troops from the border was a reorganization for renewed operations based on different tactics (answering the question in my last update). However, the IDF exploited it to escalate slightly, and Hezbollah’s new tactics have not had an appreciable positive effect for them in terms of reducing their casualties while increasing Israeli casualties. They have promised a more vigorous offensive following the killing of a high-ranking Hamas official on their doorstep, but it remains to be seen whether they will follow through or it was just rhetoric.

Another open issue is the policy of the international flotilla to protect the Red Sea commerce lanes. Will it only react defensively or will it also attack Houthi launchers? This question remains open. So far it has acted only defensively, but there have been reports of preparations for offensive actions.

And last: how will Iran react to the terrorist attack during the memorial procession for Suleimani? They blame Israel (despite ISIS having taken responsibility) and threaten retaliation, but at the same time, Supreme Leader Khameini has spoken of “strategic patience”.

***

14-24 December 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Gaza:

IDF Chief of Staff visiting units inside Gaza

The fighting in Gaza City itself has been intense for most of the days since the last update, but that intensity has gradually declined over the last couple of days. The assessment is that the majority of the terrorists in the eastern neighborhoods of Gaza City have either been killed, have surrendered, or have fled. The current fighting by Hamas is more guerrilla-style (sporadic hit-and-run strikes) than attempts to hold ground.

However, in Khan Yunis, fighting continues to be intense. Over the past 11 days, 40 Israeli soldiers have been killed, bringing the current total of Israeli soldiers killed in Gaza to approximately 155. The bodies of seven people kidnapped by Hamas on 7 October (both soldiers and civilians) have also been discovered, five of them in one tunnel investigated by IDF engineer units.

A large tunnel found and investigated by the IDF

A large tunnel exploded by the IDF

Note the path of  the explosion above ground

According to Palestinian reports, the IDF is reducing its presence in Gaza City. Some areas have been left altogether. At the same time, they reported that IDF aircraft dropped leaflets over the al-Buraij area telling residents to evacuate. This suggests that the IDF intends to begin operations in a new area of the Gaza Strip. Three days after the first leaflets were dropped, the Palestinians reported the first Israeli air strikes in the region.

Hamas is still firing rockets into Israel – mostly towards the area close to Gaza, but also towards Beersheva, Ashdod, and the Tel Aviv area, and once towards Jerusalem. The number of total launches per day has been fairly small, at most a few dozen and usually fewer. To achieve maximum effect, Hamas has been launching them in concentrated salvos.

The total number of rockets fired at Israel so far is approximately 10,600. Occasionally one of the rockets gets through the Iron Dome interception system and causes damage, but the number of people getting hurt during these attacks has been minimal. One rocket fired at Jerusalem overshot the target and landed in Ramallah, which is in the Palestinian Authority.

On Friday, 15 December, the IDF accidently killed three Israeli kidnappees who had escaped their captors. The incident occurred during an engagement between an IDF unit and terrorists in an area where no civilians had been sighted for more than a week. The IDF unit set up an ambush for the terrorists that included a sniper located at a distance on one side. The sniper saw glimpses of people moving inside the ambush location and fired at them. Only after the bodies were recovered was the mistake discovered.

Many rumors and incomplete information have been published about this incident. The kidnappees were carrying a white sheet that was not visible to the sniper but was visible to other troops observing from a different angle. It should be noted that the IDF has experienced encounters with terrorists who were carrying white flags in order to get close to Israeli troops while wearing suicide vests or to draw the soldiers in their direction so as to expose them to Palestinian snipers. A video filmed by a reconnaissance dog in one of the houses in the area had recorded people speaking Hebrew, but again, there have been incidents in which terrorists used recordings of children and women calling for help in Hebrew to lure IDF troops into booby-trapped houses.

There have been increasing incidents of violence around the supply of humanitarian support to Gaza. On 24 December Hamas police shot and killed a child who approached the aid trucks. In retaliation, the family of the child attacked the Hamas police station and set it on fire and is demanding revenge on the police officer responsible. The family has published his photograph on social media.

Lebanon:

The exchange of fire on the Israel-Lebanon border continues, sometimes escalating and sometimes decelerating. Another Israeli soldier has been killed on this front since the last update, bringing Israeli casualties on the Lebanese border to 11 killed since 7 October and a few dozen wounded.

The IDF began dropping leaflets to the population of southern Lebanon warning them that Hezbollah may try to use their homes as bases from which to launch attacks against Israel and suggesting that they prevent this from occurring.

Hezbollah fatalities have accumulated to least 130 (nine of them in Syria). The number of wounded is not known. In addition, it was learned that Hezbollah has established and is operating a unit of Palestinians. That unit, whose casualties have not been declared by Hezbollah, has suffered a few dozen fatalities as well.

Over the past 48 hours there have been reports that Hezbollah is withdrawing some of its forces from the border with Israel. It is not clear if this withdrawal is permanent or a temporary measure to give it time to rethink its strategy and tactics.

Infographic published by Hezbollah showing its operations against Israel by type of weapon used and target (Hezbollah does not mention its attacks on Israeli villages)

Attacks include: 20 anti-aircraft missiles, 209 anti-tank missiles, 131 cannon shells, 43 rocket salvos (multiple rockets per salvo), 14 direct fire weapons, 9 explosive drone strikes (some involving multiple drones), 48 sniper shots, and 35 large rockets.

Source: Israel blogger Abu Ali Express

Other Lebanese and Lebanon-based Palestinian organizations have participated in exchanges of fire, and at least 14 members of those groups have been killed as well. One Lebanese soldier was killed accidentally and three were wounded in an IDF strike, for which Israel has issued a formal apology to the Lebanese government.

Syria:

Exchanges of fire across the Syrian border have continued since the last update but remain minimal, especially when compared to the Lebanese front. Iranian proxies and Hezbollah stationed in Syria have fired rockets into Israel and Israel has responded with airstrikes and tank fire. There have been no Israeli casualties on this front, but nine Hezbollah personnel, members of Iranian proxies, Syrians and Iranians have been killed or wounded.

IDF aircraft attacked an airport near Damascus causing damage and a temporary cessation of flights. The bombs were focused on warehouses that were storing weapons transfers from Iran.

Judea and Samaria:

The fighting in Judea and Samaria continues, with the IDF intensifying its raids especially in the Jenin area (the northern edge of Samaria). Each IDF entry into Palestinian towns faces varying intensities of resistance, including bombs planted under roads (which are cleared by bulldozers that tear up the asphalt), rifles, grenades, and improvised hand-thrown bombs as well as petrol bombs.

The Palestinians claim that at least 4,400 people have been arrested but the official Israeli number is only 2,450, of whom 1,210 belong to Hamas and the others to other groups. The discrepancy is apparently because the Palestinians count anyone who was detained even if they were released after interrogation. Approximately 300 terrorists have been killed. Among the killed were a 14-year-old and a 17-year-old who were using a scooter to transport a bomb that detonated accidentally. The Palestinians constantly use teenagers and children as young as 12 to carry out military activities and then report that the IDF has killed children (anyone under 18).

There has also been an increase in the number of violent altercations between Palestinian and Israeli civilians over agricultural property rights (field boundaries, grazing rights). There are escalating reports in Western media and mentions by Western politicians of Israeli settler violence against Palestinians in Judea and Samaria, but none of these reports mention the attacks by Palestinians on the Israelis living there. An Israeli police report claims that the number of incidents initiated by Israelis has actually decreased over the past two months.

The Palestinian Authority in Judea and Samaria (the West Bank) does not have access to the sea. All imports cross through Israel. In the Israeli port of Ashdod, security forces discovered an attempt to smuggle thousands of weapons parts into Palestinian Authority territory as well as tools for forging coins. These items were hidden inside a weaving machine.

Yemen:

The Houthis have continued to launch missiles and long-range explosive drones towards Israel, but their main effort has shifted to disrupting shipping lanes passing by Yemen in the Red Sea. So far there have been approximately 20 attacks. A number of ships were hit and others were fired upon but escaped being hit. American, French and other naval vessels have shot down some of the exploding drones and missiles fired at the ships.

It is not possible for ships in the Red Sea to avoid sailing near Yemen because the sea is fairly narrow. Its entire width is within range of Houthi missiles and exploding drones.

The US has organized an international flotilla to intervene and protect the ships passing through, but it is not yet clear if it will only try to shoot down missiles and drones or will also conduct offensive actions against the Houthis.

A growing number of shipping companies have said that because of the threat, they will cease transiting through the Red Sea and Suez Canal, which connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.

In addition to the ongoing Houthi missile and drone threat, there has been another important development on the high seas. On 24 December, a ship sailing in the Indian Ocean, far away from the Red Sea, was hit by an exploding drone. The drone was apparently launched from Iran itself. This adds a completely new dimension to the conflict as until now the Iranians have not participated directly and instead used their proxies to participate.

Iran:

Though it has not participated in actual combat, Iran has conducted aggressive cyber actions against Israel. It has attempted to disrupt an assortment of public services, including hospital computer networks. It has also tried to acquire intelligence by attempting to penetrate government, military, academic, and strategic think-tank computer systems. Iran has also published vitriolic statements on Israeli social media and news-media talk-backs purporting to be the opinions of Israelis of differing political views, but always expressed in extreme language designed to spread rumors and aggravate tensions among Israelis.

On 17 December Iran suffered a cyberattack attributed to Israel in which the computers of 70% of all the petrol stations in the country stopped functioning, preventing use of the pumps. Israeli has not responded to the accusation, but a group calling itself The Crazy Sparrow published a statement that said: “Khamenei, playing with fire has a cost. We warned you a month ago that we would make you pay for your provocations. This is just a taste of what we are capable of doing.“[1]

Iraq and Syria – US forces:

Pro-Iranian Iraqi Shiite militias continued to attack American bases in Iraq and Syria with rockets and exploding drones. They have conducted more than a hundred strikes with these weapons since 18 October.

The US military has responded with airstrikes on suspected militia locations and has killed an unspecified number of them.

An Iraqi pro-Iranian militia launched an exploding drone from western Iraq towards Israel. The drone flew over Jordan (located in between Israel and Iraq) and was shot down by the Jordanian army.

Israeli casualties:

Currently the total for the single day of 7 October is 1,140, which includes civilians, military, police, firefighters, and medical personnel. There are still people unaccounted for, and the number of people kidnapped to Gaza who were either dead when taken or have died in captivity remains unconfirmed.

There are still approximately 125 kidnapped Israelis (a few of the missing have been confirmed to have been kidnapped) and 9 non-Israelis in Gaza. How many of them are alive and how many dead is not known, though the current estimate is that at least 19 are dead.

In addition, 19 Israeli civilians have been killed in Hamas rocket attacks.

As of 13 December, a total of 486 IDF soldiers have been killed on all fronts since and including 7 October (the number for 7 October is periodically updated as more are confirmed killed who were listed as missing).

The total number of Israeli wounded is approximately 11,000. The number of IDF regulars and reservists wounded on all fronts together is at least 1,700, of whom about 270 were severely wounded and the rest moderately or lightly wounded.

Initially the number of Israelis who were forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon reached approximately 250,000. Over the past couple of weeks, many have returned home, though the exact figure is not clear. The official evacuees still number approximately 218,000. Some of the industrial and agricultural sites near the Gaza border that were abandoned in the first days of the war have resumed work.

Palestinian casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that approximately 20,400 Gazans have been killed so far and approximately 54,000 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians, but according to one source, at least 8,000 of them belonged to Hamas or the other militias.

WHAT NEXT?

The overall objective – the destruction of Hamas – has not changed as far as Israel is concerned. As yet there is no end-by date, but that could change if the US, for its own internal or external policy reasons, decides to pressure Israel to desist.

Meanwhile, the fighting in Gaza City is winding down, though it is not over. The fighting in Khan Yunis is in full swing and it appears that the IDF is preparing to attack the area between Khan Yunis and Gaza City.

The situation on the other fronts currently offers more questions than answers.

The situation in Lebanon is in flux. Is Hezbollah’s partial withdrawal of troops from the border a sign of de-escalation, or just a reorganization for renewed operations based on different tactics?

Another open issue is the policy of the international flotilla being assembled to protect the Red Sea commerce lanes. Will it only react defensively, or will it also attack the Houthi launchers?

And lastly: Is the Iranian attack in the Indian Ocean only a single shot action, or does it presage a new continuous threat bypassing the international flotilla in the Red Sea? Iranian rhetoric has been aggressive, involving threats to shipping in the Hormuz Straits if the international flotilla attacks the Houthis. Almost all the oil coming from the Persian Gulf oil fields passes through the Hormuz Straits. Striking those ships could be a massive escalation that would threaten oil supplies to Europe and other parts of the world, as well as causing a spike in oil prices with all the attendant damage to economies around the globe. Iran’s goal in making these threats is to create enough international pressure on Israel to force it to halt its operations against Hamas.

Document found by the IDF in Khan Yunis detailing the money spent by Hamas in 2022 on concrete and doors, apparently for the tunnels

The sums are:

First half year: $607,145

Second half year: $396,845

Total Sum: $1,003,990

[1] Amir Rapaport, Israel Defense, 22 December 2023, https://www.israeldefense.co.il/node/60694.

***

7 – 13 December 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Gaza:

Since the renewal of the fighting, its intensity has increased with many more firefights between IDF and Hamas units. IDF units inside Gaza City have attacked the eastern neighborhoods. These are the neighborhoods Hamas expected the IDF to strike first, as they are closest to the border and therefore manned by the strongest Hamas units. Originally, the orientation of their defenses was also to the east, but given the time taken by the IDF to reach those units and the time gifted to Hamas by the ceasefire, the Hamas units were able to reorient their dispositions westwards.

This is especially important with regard to Hamas’s choice of which locations to booby-trap. The majority of Israeli casualties over the past week were caused by  bombs that were hidden in buildings and in the streets. On the other hand, over the last couple of days there has been an increase in the number of Hamas personnel who are surrendering, though this does not yet represent a major collapse of the resistance.

There have been inaccurate media reports that the vast majority of the surrenderers were uninvolved civilians. This is an exaggeration of a single case in which Hamas fighters were intermixed with civilians. The IDF checked them all and released the non-Hamas people. The number of Hamas terrorists captured up to a couple of days ago, including those captured on 7 October, is more than 500, most of whom were captured in the past two weeks.

Another element making the fighting inside Gaza City more difficult for the IDF is that many of the civilians who preferred not to move south are concentrated in the eastern neighborhoods. Hamas has increased its attempts to use them either as human shields and as unarmed assailants sent towards Israeli troops either to accost them, acquire intelligence on their positions, or camouflage Hamas terrorists trying to get closer to the Israeli positions. Some Gazan civilians who attempted to move away from Hamas positions were shot by Hamas fighters. The increased presence of civilians has reduced the IDF’s ability to use artillery, airstrikes and tank cannon fire to support its infantry, thus incurring greater risks that in some cases have resulted in more IDF casualties.

In Khan Yunis – the second front opened by the IDF – the situation is similar to that in eastern Gaza. A few days after the Israeli units surprised Hamas by quickly bypassing Kahn Yunis from the north and then entering it from the northwest as well as from the north and east, the Hamas units had gradually reorganized and the resistance was stronger.

The IDF conducted a few operations based on intelligence in attempts to locate and release hostages. One of these operations found the bodies of an Israeli civilian and a soldier.

An entrance shaft to the tunnels found in a ruined schoolroom

Rockets, small arms, bombs, and other equipment found in other rooms of the same school:

Palestinian terrorists dressed in civilian clothes who are armed with rifles and RPG launchers

Screenshot from Israeli blogger Abu Ali Express

It was rumored and has now been officially reported that the IDF has placed large pumps and pipes in the sea and has begun to transfer seawater into some of the captured tunnels. In theory, the seawater will course through the tunnel system forcing the terrorists to either come out or drown. However, it is not yet clear if this will work. Many physical factors could make this completely ineffective, effective for only a portion of the tunnel system, or very effective. In any case, published reports indicate that it will take a few weeks to complete the operation even if it is completely successful.

Hamas is still firing rockets into Israel. They are aiming at areas mostly close to Gaza, but also at Beersheva and the Tel Aviv area. They have placed some of their rocket launchers next to the tent-camps set up for the civilians evacuated from northern Gaza. The total number of rockets fired at Israel so far is approximately 10,600.

As a result of the escalating intensity of the fighting, Israeli casualties have grown considerably. The current total of Israeli soldiers killed in Gaza alone is roughly 115. A complication in working out the exact number is that over the past few days the IDF has reported the deaths of a few soldiers who were wounded over the past month of fighting and only recently succumbed to their wounds. Also, the IDF has confirmed the deaths of a few soldiers who had been missing since 7 October. The bodies of a dead Israeli civilian (a 27-year-old woman abducted from the Nova music festival) and a dead soldier, also kidnapped on 7 October, were recovered inside Gaza. More missing civilians and soldiers were also confirmed to have been kidnapped into Gaza, some alive and some dead. A Tanzanian national who came to Israel to study agriculture was also confirmed to have been killed. The IDF has published that the number of wounded soldiers evacuated by helicopter from Gaza is approximately 600 while others (the number was not given) were evacuated by ambulance (generally signifying lighter wounds).

The Jordanians have continued to supply the hospital they donated to Gaza with para-drops of equipment. Four such operations have been conducted so far. The Jordanian cargo-aircraft conducting the para-drops fly through Israel.

An increasing number of Palestinians in Gaza are publicly berating Hamas for its actions. The activities that are being criticized by Gazans include Hamas’s theft of humanitarian assistance, especially food, being brought into Gaza for the civilians. In one interview on Al-Jazeera (the Qatari television company on its Arabic channel), an elderly Gazan woman complained that Hamas is not sharing the food fairly. The interviewer tried to interrupt and claim that the amount of food entering Gaza is small in any case, to which she responded by shaking her finger (see below) and saying, “No, it is all going to their homes, to Hamas personnel.”

Screenshot from Israeli blogger Abu Ali Express

A short video published by another Gazan shows armed men shooting at people approaching a truck carrying food. According to the photographer, the armed men were Hamas personnel and at least one civilian was killed by them.

Lebanon:

The exchange of fire on the Israel-Lebanon border continues, sometimes escalating and sometimes ebbing. An Israeli farmer was killed by a Hezbollah-launched guided anti-tank missile that hit his car. Hezbollah has also been using UNIFIL bases (the United Nations force that was supposed to monitor the border and prevent Hezbollah from being there) as cover for their launch teams: they deploy beside the outer fence of the UNIFIL bases and launch from there. If the IDF counters it risks hitting UN troops, and in a couple of cases UN troops have indeed been wounded.

The depth of Hezbollah’s attacks into Israel have increased. Initially they attacked targets up to four or five kilometers from the border, but over the past week or so, they have doubled that distance. Israel has added targets further inside Lebanon in response.

Including the Israeli civilian killed this week, Israeli casualties on the Lebanese border have been 11 killed since 7 October and a few dozen wounded.

Hezbollah fatalities have accumulated to least 101 (nine of them in Syria). The number of wounded is not known.

Other Lebanese and Lebanon-based Palestinian organizations have participated in the exchanges; they have lost at least 14 of their members. One Lebanese soldier was killed accidentally and three wounded in an IDF strike, for which Israel issued a formal apology to the Lebanese government.

Syria:

Exchanges of fire across the Syrian border have escalated over the past week but are still minimal, especially when compared to the Lebanese front. Iranian proxies and Hezbollah personnel stationed in Syria have fired rockets into Israel and Israel has responded with airstrikes and tank fire. There have been no Israeli casualties on this front, but nine members of Hezbollah as well as some Iranian proxies, Syrians and Iranians have been killed or wounded.

Cyprus:

The authorities in Greek Cyprus arrested a terrorist cell planning to attack Israelis visiting the island. The initial information for the arrest was provided by Israeli intelligence. The cell was organized and funded by Iran.

Judea and Samaria:

The fighting in Judea and Samaria (the West Bank) continues with the IDF intensifying its raids, especially in the Jenin area (the northern edge of Samaria). Each IDF entry into Palestinian towns faces varying intensities of resistance, including bombs placed under roads (which are cleared by having a bulldozer tear up the asphalt), rifles, grenades, and various improvised hand-thrown bombs as well as petrol bombs.

At least 4,000 terrorists have been arrested so far and nearly 300 killed – most in IDF raids, and some while attempting to attack Israeli civilians or soldiers. Most of the fighting is occurring in the northern area of Jenin, though there is fighting across all of Judea and Samaria.

There has also been an increase in the number of violent altercations between Palestinian civilians and Israeli civilians over agricultural property rights (field boundaries, grazing rights). There are escalating reports in Western media and mentions by Western politicians of Israeli settler violence against Palestinians in Judea and Samaria. All these reports ignore the attacks by Palestinians on the Israelis living there.

Yemen:

The Houthis have continued to launch missiles and long-range explosive drones towards Israel, but their main effort has shifted to disrupting shipping lanes passing by Yemen in the Red Sea. In addition to attempting to capture ships, the Houthis have also fired at them, hitting one and setting it on fire. They claim all the targets are ships heading to Israel with merchandise, but the owners of the ship that was hit claim it was heading to Italy.

The US is debating the creation of an international flotilla to protect ships passing through the Red Sea. It is not possible for ships to avoid sailing near Yemen because the Red Sea is fairly narrow, and its entire width is within range of Houthi missiles and exploding drones.

Iraq and Syria – US forces:

Pro-Iranian Iraqi Shiite militias continued to attack American bases in Iraq and Syria with rockets and exploding drones. So far, since 18 October, there have been approximately 95 strikes with rockets and explosive drones.

The US military has responded with airstrikes on suspected militia locations and has killed an unspecified number of militants.

Israeli casualties:

The total Israeli death toll for the single day of 7 October is now 1,130, which includes civilians, military, police, firefighters, medical personnel, etc. There are still some Israelis who are unaccounted for, and some of the people kidnapped to Gaza were dead when taken or have died in captivity but are not yet confirmed dead.

There are still approximately 125 kidnapped Israelis (a few of the missing have been confirmed to have been kidnapped) and nine non-Israelis in Gaza. How many of them are alive and how many dead is not known, though the current estimate is that at least 19 are dead.

In addition, 19 Israeli civilians have been killed in Hamas rocket attacks.

As of 13 December, a total of 444 IDF soldiers have been killed on all fronts since and including 7 October (the number for 7 October is periodically updated as more are confirmed killed who were listed as missing).

The total number of Israeli wounded is approximately 10,039. The IDF has also released a total of wounded IDF soldiers. Including 7 October, the number of wounded soldiers on all fronts together is approximately 1,600. Of these 255 were severely wounded and the rest moderately or lightly wounded.

The number of Israelis who were forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon has reached approximately 250,000. As the fighting proceeds in Gaza, about half have returned to villages and towns that are currently considered less threatened. Some of the industrial and agricultural sites near the Gaza border that were abandoned in the first days have resumed work.

Palestinian casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that approximately 18,600 Gazans have been killed so far and nearly 50,600 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians.

WHAT NEXT?

Fighting has escalated in Gaza and increased only slightly on the Lebanese and Syrian borders.

Though the battle for eastern Gaza City is still far from over, there are signs that the strength of the resistance in that area is beginning to wane. When the fighting there does abate, it is very likely that the IDF will shift more forces from Gaza City to the southern areas – either reinforcing the forces fighting in Khan Yunis or adding another area, which could be the residential area between Gaza City and Khan Yunis or the area between Khan Yunis and the Egyptian border around the city of Rafah. The latter seems less likely because the latest announcements by the IDF to the civilians of Khan Yunis have told them to move in that direction.

The overall objective – the destruction of Hamas – has not changed as far as Israel is concerned. As yet there is no end-by date, but that could change if the US, for its own external or internal reasons, decides to pressure Israel to desist.

The fighting on the other fronts, though slightly escalating, is largely static. Hezbollah and Iran seem content with the current situation.

In Yemen and the Red Sea, the attacks on merchant shipping appear to be escalating. The threat is not only against Israel, as at least one of the attacked ships had no connection to Israel. This waterway is crucial to the US and other states because it leads to the Suez Canal. Approximately 22,000 ships use this passage every year, or 12% of all maritime traffic. Rerouting around South Africa is possible but would add approximately 3,500 nautical miles of distance and an additional 8-12 days of travel time for the ships, which would greatly increase shipping prices and therefore the cost of the products they carry. Whether the US, Europe and Egypt (where revenues from ships crossing the Suez Canal over the past year amounted to $9.4 billion, making shipping crucial to its struggling economy) will be willing to accept this cost or will decide to respond militarily to the Houthi attacks remains to be seen.

***

27 November – 6 December 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Gaza:

On 1 December the ceasefire ended. Officially it was supposed to end at 7:00 AM unless an extension was agreed to, but at 5:42 AM, Hamas initiated attacks, fired rockets into Israel, and conducted ground raids inside Gaza. Violations of the ceasefire by Hamas had already occurred on previous days, but only inside Gaza. On 28 and 29 November they conducted a number of raids and ambushes of Israeli troops. Approximately half a dozen Israeli soldiers were wounded in these attacks, as were an unpublished number of the Hamas terrorists conducting them.

Both sides used the ceasefire to prepare for the next round. The pause was more useful for Hamas, as it gave it time to reorganize, redeploy and try to learn lessons on why it had failed to halt the Israeli offensive or inflict much more massive casualties upon it. As a result, the fighting since the end of the ceasefire has been much more intense than it was in the days before the ceasefire came into effect.

The IDF also exploited the ceasefire to continue scouring the ground it had captured in previous weeks to make sure no tunnel entrances or above-ground hideouts had been missed, as well as to explode more of the entrances that had been discovered earlier but not yet destroyed. So far 800 tunnel entrances have been discovered, of which 500 have been destroyed. Large caches of arms and other materiel were found and destroyed or taken for study inside Israel. Many of these arms were found in hospitals, mosques, schools, an UNRWA compound, and in private homes (including under children’s beds). The discovery of arms inside the UNRWA compound is not a surprise, as many of UNRWA’s local workers are Hamas personnel.

The renewed IDF offensive is now entering areas in eastern Gaza City that had not been attacked before. These are areas the IDF deliberately avoided in the first days of the war because they are the closest to the border with Israel, held by the strongest Hamas units, and better fortified than the areas of western Gaza that the IDF initially attacked. This too has escalated the intensity of the fighting since the end of the ceasefire. Hamas had expected the IDF units to attack east to west directly from the border into Gaza City and had prepared accordingly. Instead, the IDF bypassed those areas and attacked with one prong south of them to the sea and then turned north to attack into the western areas of the city, with another prong along the coast from the north entering the western part of the city before turning east.

IDF ground forces have also attacked southern Gaza for the first time in this war. During 4-6 December, according to Palestinian reports, the IDF surrounded the city of Khan Yunis from three directions – east, north and west – leaving the southern direction open for the evacuation of civilians. As with previous IDF attacks, the ground operation began with an armored force breaking through Hamas defenses. A high quality infantry force was then sent in to complete the ring and begin raiding Kahn Yunis itself.

The following is a map published in the Arab media purporting to show the extent of the IDF advance around Khan Yunis ( red areas with yellow borders).

Source: Israeli blogger Abu Ali Express

The IDF had already begun, a few days before the ceasefire, to attempt to convince the population of Khan Yunis (by dropping flyers, using Arabic-speaking personnel at the IDF Spokesperson’s office to give directions via radio channel, calling Khan Yunis residents by telephone, etc.) to move west towards the coast and south towards the city of Rafah. Many people came back during the ceasefire, so this IDF effort was renewed as soon as the ceasefire broke down. The IDF gave the population 24 hours to move before the first IDF units would begin moving west on the roads north of Khan Yunis (according to reports in Gazan social media that showed long-range videos of IDF armored vehicles moving there). It is generally thought that the proportion of population to leave Khan Yunis is smaller than the proportion that left Gaza City, so IDF actions there will have to be handled more carefully to reduce Palestinian civilian casualties.

Photograph by a Palestinian of an IDF flyer calling on the population of the Khan Yunis area to evacuate

Source: Israeli blogger Abu Ali Express

According to the latest reports, IDF units around Khan Yunis have begun conducting small raids inside the city proper.

Since the renewal of fighting, the Israeli air force has been conducting 200-250 strikes per day, mostly in support of the ground troops. The other strikes are against targets located by the intelligence services. Thus, in one of the strikes, the commander of the Shujaiya battalion in eastern Gaza City was killed in an underground command post, together with some of his staff and other personnel, based on intelligence collected over the past couple of weeks on the tunnel infrastructure.

As the fighting continues there is a slow but steady increase in IDF casualties. As of 6 December, 15 soldiers had been killed since the renewal of fighting on 1 December,  for a total of 78 killed in Gaza to date. The total number of IDF wounded has not been officially updated. I had earlier estimated, using partial information, that the number is approximately ten times the number of killed, but this may be a bit high.

Screenshot from video released by Palestinian Islamic Jihad of its fighters in combat with Israeli troops in Khan Yunis. The figure on the right is using an RPG and the figure on the left is armed with an AK-47 assault rifle. Note the civilian clothing:

Source: Israeli blogger Abu Ali Express

Since the end of the ceasefire Hamas has again increased the frequency and number of rockets it is firing. It is aiming especially at central Israel, Tel Aviv and the surrounding towns, and the city of Beersheva in the central Negev. However, even at this increased frequency the firings are much fewer than they were in the first days of the war. One theory to explain the increase is that Hamas hoped to restart the fighting with a shock to the Israelis. Another is that it reflects the pressure Hamas is under to use its rockets before it loses them, particularly in view of the IDF’s attack into the area of Khan Yunis in southern Gaza.

The total number of rocket launches from Gaza towards Israel to date is nearly 10,500, of which more than 1,200 have fallen inside Gaza. One overflew Israel and landed on a farm near the Palestinian town of Bethlehem, south of Jerusalem.

During the ceasefire, Israeli police caught a few more Gazans hiding inside Israel after having entered in the initial attack on 7 October. They had reached a Bedouin village and found two families willing to hide them. The heads of these families have been arrested too. During the 7 October attack, approximately 40 Bedouins were deliberately killed by Hamas terrorists and four were kidnapped to Gaza (two of whom, a teenaged brother and sister, were returned in the exchanges, while their father and elder brother are still in Gaza). Some Bedouin villages have also been hit by rockets fired from Gaza. The fact that these two families were willing to hide possible Hamas terrorists will no doubt create friction between them and the clans who suffered casualties.

Lebanon:

Hezbollah ceased its attacks on Israel during the ceasefire in Gaza and renewed them when the fighting in Gaza resumed.

All together, Hezbollah has fired more than 1,000 rockets, anti-tank missiles and explosive drones at Israel since 7 October. Since the renewal of fighting there have been a couple of dozen attacks in total. Ten Israelis have been killed in the fighting on this front since 7 October, almost all in the first couple of weeks. Several dozen Israelis have been wounded, but the precise number has not been published.

The IDF responded with a counter-escalation, using manned aircraft, drones, artillery and tanks, which gradually increased Hezbollah casualties.

Hezbollah fatalities have accumulated to least 90 (six of them in Syria). The number of wounded is not known.

Other Lebanese and Lebanon-based Palestinian organizations have also participated in the exchanges of fire, resulting in the deaths of at least 14 of their members. One Lebanese soldier was killed accidently and three wounded in an IDF strike, and Israel has issued a formal apology to the Lebanese government.

The population of southern Lebanon has responded to the escalation by moving north. The largest estimate is that approximately 100,000 civilians have abandoned the villages within 15 kilometers of the border with Israel. However, because no one is organizing this movement, the numbers are estimates at best. Unlike Hamas, Hezbollah tends to use the local population as camouflage (by, for example, hiding military equipment in their homes) but does not use them as human shields. Thus, when fighting escalates, they do not compel residents to stay but rather let them leave. Hezbollah has declared that it will pay compensation to Lebanese civilians whose property and livelihood have been harmed. It is probable that many of those who left returned during the ceasefire, but again, the numbers are not known.

Syria:

On the Syrian border there have been only a few incidents so far – rocket launches and so on – and they were responded to with tank fire, artillery and air strikes.

Air strikes have also been conducted at targets well inside Syria, around the capital Damascus (about 60 kilometers from the border) as well as further inside. These strikes are aimed mostly at supplies being sent from Iran to Hezbollah through Syrian airports.

Judea and Samaria:

The fighting in Judea and Samaria continued unabated during the ceasefire in Gaza. However, despite Hamas’s hopes for a full-strength surge in attacks on Israel, a significant escalation has not occurred beyond the ranks of the usual groups. Israeli security forces have responded with ‘police’ raids to arrest terrorists. So far at least 2,000 terrorists have been arrested (Palestinian sources claim more than 3,365) and more than 255 killed – most in IDF raids, and some while attempting to conduct attacks on Israeli civilians or soldiers. Most of the fighting is occurring in the northern area of Jenin, though there is fighting across all of Samaria and Judea (the West Bank).

There has also been an increase in the number of violent altercations between Palestinian and Israeli civilians over agricultural property rights (field boundaries, grazing rights). There are escalating reports in Western media and mentions by Western politicians of Israeli settler violence against Palestinians in Judea and Samaria. All these reports continue to ignore the attacks by Palestinians against the Israelis living there.

Yemen:

The Houthis have continued to launch missiles and long-range explosive drones towards Israel. The rate of fire has gone down from the first few days, and in some instances, they declared launches that nobody saw. All the actual missiles and explosive drones they have launched were intercepted by IDF anti-missile defenses, US ships, and in at least one case by Saudi anti-missile defenses. (The Houthis have attacked Saudi Arabia many times in the past with missiles and explosive drones, and the shortest aerial route from Yemen to Israel passes over a portion of Saudi Arabia.)

On 3 December the Houthis fired missiles and explosive drones at three ships in the Red Sea, claiming they were Israeli (apparently none of them were). Two were hit. One was severely damaged and the other suffered light damage.

Iraq and Syria – US forces:

Pro-Iranian Iraqi Shiite militias continued to attack American bases in Iraq and Syria with rockets and exploding drones. So far, there have been at least 75 such strikes since 18 October. The number of American casualties is one killed (apparently from cardiac arrest caused by an attack) and at least 56 wounded, with injuries ranging from minor wounds to traumatic brain injuries.

The US military has responded with air strikes on suspected militia locations and has killed an unspecified number of them.

Israeli casualties:

There are still some people unaccounted for, but it appears that all or virtually all the bodies of Israelis killed in the initial attack inside Israel have been found. The total numbers of Israelis and non-Israelis[1] killed on the first day of the attack has been reduced as body parts are being connected to bodies and some missing people have been found alive (including individuals thought to be dead who turned out to have been kidnapped). On the other hand, since my last update, 13 more who had been declared missing have been found to have died, or information has been found that they were killed and their bodies taken to Gaza. The total killed on the single day of 7 October is now 1,125, including civilians, military, police, firefighters, medical personnel, etc. There are still some unaccounted for, and some of the people kidnapped to Gaza were dead when taken or have died in captivity.

There are still approximately 130 kidnapped Israelis (including two of the four kidnapped Israeli Bedouins) and nine non-Israelis in Gaza. How many are alive and how many dead is not known.

In addition, 19 Israeli civilians have been killed in Hamas rocket attacks.

As of 6 December, a total of 411 IDF soldiers have been killed on all fronts since and including 7 October (the number for 7 October is periodically updated as more are confirmed killed who were listed as missing). The norm in Israel is not to publicly report people killed until their families have been notified. This can take time (if, for example, a family member is abroad, or for other reasons), so public notification is sometimes a day or two after the fact. Given that some of the missing are probably dead, the precise number might be a bit more.

The total number of Israeli wounded is approximately 10,039.

The number of Israelis who have been forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon has reached approximately 250,000. As the fighting proceeds in Gaza about half have returned to villages and towns that are currently considered less threatened. Some of the industrial and agricultural sites near the Gaza border that were abandoned in the first days have resumed work.

Palestinian Casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that so far approximately 16,500 Gazans have been killed, nearly 44,000 have been wounded, and 6,000 are missing. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians.

WHAT NEXT?

The truce has ended, both sides have renewed their activity, and the fighting has been some of the most intense since the start of the war.

Though the IDF has not finished clearing northern Gaza, Israel has widened its operations to include Khan Yunis, where the second-largest concentration of Hamas forces is located after the Gaza City area. To do this it has introduced a fifth division into the fighting. If the Israeli force continues to advance to the sea, it will cut the Gaza Strip into four sections (see map at the beginning of this update).

The overall objective – the destruction of Hamas – has not changed as far as Israel is concerned. As yet there is no end-by date, but that could change if the US, for its own internal or external policy reasons, decides to pressure Israel to desist.

As things now stand on the Lebanese border, it appears that Hezbollah is satisfied with maintaining the status quo of small-scale fighting.

[1] Among the civilians killed were tourists, agricultural workers from Thailand working in the fields of the farming villages, and home nurses, also from abroad.

***

17 – 26 November 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Gaza:

The most important new event in the war in Gaza is the temporary ceasefire agreement that came into effect in the early morning of 24 November. However, to maintain chronological focus, I will discuss the ceasefire further down after describing the previous events since the last update.

From 17 to 23 November most of the fighting in Gaza continued to be focused on the western neighborhoods near the sea. The media focus was of course on Shifa Hospital as the IDF helped the management evacuate residents, patients and staff and then slowly combed the grounds to locate entrances to Hamas’s underground facilities and find materials (weapons, documents, computers, etc.) in the hospital rooms themselves. One terrorist was caught hiding in the hospital morgue inside a body bag. Others exploited the IDF’s delayed entry into the hospital – which had been put into effect to prevent casualties among patients and staff – to escape by camouflaging themselves as patients and staff. Others escaped through the tunnels leading from the hospital into the subterranean network that extends into areas the IDF has not yet reached inside the city, or perhaps even into southern Gaza.

The body of a third Israeli hostage was found inside a building near Shifa Hospital. She had arrived at the hospital alive and was filmed, with others, by the hospital’s CCTV system. The kidnappers took advantage of the delay in entry by the IDF into the hospital to transfer hostages to other locations the IDF has not yet reached.

IDF units conducted several raids into central and eastern areas of Gaza City but did not capture or hold ground there.

In the southern Gaza Strip the IDF continued to conduct airstrikes on specific targets – Hamas senior staff and commanders and also infrastructure including housing, command posts, storehouses and combat positions. Residents of the eastern neighborhoods (the closest to Israeli territory) of Khan Younis, the second-largest city in the Gaza Strip and located in the south, were told to move west in order to prevent civilian casualties. Many have moved, but some have not.

Hamas casualties have been in the thousands, but apart from the growing list of commanders who are being hunted and killed by the IDF, there is no reliable number. Among the higher ranking Hamas officers killed are the commander of one of the five brigades (Hamas’s largest field unit), his deputy, and the commander of Hamas’s rocket forces. They were probably killed a couple of weeks ago, but Hamas only just published news of their deaths. These are in addition to many battalion commanders, staff officers and other deputy commanders and some senior political leaders (though not yet the most senior).

Although the loss of commanders disrupts the conduct of combat by Hamas units, it is not disruptive enough to halt them because the missions and doctrine are simple enough for independent sub-units to continue to fight. They can proceed even if coordination between them is impaired and they cannot organize large combined operations. While at first, Hamas actions against Israeli units involved dozens of men, over the past couple of weeks most have been conducted by much smaller groups of three to ten at most. In addition to killed and wounded Hamas personnel, at least 300 have been captured and interrogated for information that has assisted IDF troops in locating command posts, combat positions, storage sites and tunnel entrances. So far some 400 tunnel entrances have been exploded by IDF units and others, hidden in cellars, have been buried by collapsing the buildings above them.

As the fighting has continued there has been a slow but steady increase in IDF casualties. By 24 November (the day before the ceasefire) 63 IDF personnel had been killed since the beginning of the ground operation in Gaza (including soldiers who were wounded earlier and have since died of their wounds). This is 19 more since my last update. The total number of IDF wounded has not been updated officially. I previously estimated, using partial information, that the number of wounded is approximately ten times the number of killed, but this may be a bit high.

Hamas continues to fire rockets into Israel though the daily average has lessened dramatically. Because of this decrease, the total to date is still only just more than the 9,500 (of which 3,000 occurred in the first four hours) that I reported in my last update. Of these, approximately 1,150 fell inside Gaza.

There are two likely reasons for the dramatic reduction in the rate of rocket fire:

• The advance of the IDF has brought its troops to many of the traditional launch sites and many launchers and stored rockets have been destroyed.
• Hamas wants to conserve ammunition for a longer war as its stores are being depleted. Hamas had considerably fewer rockets than Hezbollah. Hezbollah is reported to have approximately 150,000 rockets, whereas Hamas and the other groups together had somewhere between 15,000 and 20,000 (a very rough estimate) on 7 October. In addition to the rockets already fired, many more were lost through being destroyed or captured in storage sites.

Inside Israel, two terrorists who entered on 7 October and had been hiding ever since in a derelict house about 25 kilometers inside Israel were found and captured. The house was near the Bedouin town of Rahat in the Negev. Given the fury of the Bedouins over the deliberate slaughter by Hamas terrorists of more than 40 of their people on 7 October, which is reflected only partly in the official proclamation of a blood feud with Hamas, these two were lucky to have been found by the Israeli security forces. Another two terrorists who had been hiding separately were captured in similar circumstances over the past month (one surrendered a couple of days after running out of food and water and was in bad physical shape). The Israeli police are working on the assumption that more terrorists are still hiding in various places, perhaps even further inside Israel, and are conducting sweeps and intelligence operations to look for them. According to copies of orders found on the bodies of terrorists killed in the first two days of the war, Hamas was planning to infiltrate a few dozen men to hide inside Israel for the purpose of conducting attacks later. So far, no further attacks have been conducted by Hamas inside Israel.

The ceasefire was supposed to begin on 23 November but was delayed for 24 hours, beginning on 24 November. So far, as of midnight on 26 November, 66 kidnappees have been released – 45 Israelis (including those released earlier in the war), and the rest Thais and Filipinos who were in Israel for work. This leaves 175-180 hostages still trapped in Gaza. Not all are in the hands of Hamas: some are held by Palestinian Islamic Jihad and some by individuals who do not officially belong to any group. It is not known how many of these hostages are alive.

Approximately 120 Palestinians have been released from Israeli custody in exchange for the released hostages. One is a teenager who was under house arrest; his electronic location anklet has been removed.

During the release process Hamas made several attempts to change the agreed-upon rules and delay releasing hostages to gain more for each one. On 25 November, after Hamas declared it was not going to release the hostages promised for that day, Israel stated that if they were not be released by midnight, the IDF would resume its aerial and ground offensives. Hamas released the promised hostages a few hours later.

Meanwhile, the ceasefire is tenuous, with incidents occurring throughout. There is a bitter joke in Israel that during a lunch break people eat lunch; during a smoking break people smoke; and during a fire break (the literal Hebrew translation of “ceasefire”) people keep firing. Hamas is exploiting the ceasefire to reorganize its defenses and possibly also prepare a series of surprise attacks. This is how it behaved in previous wars. Thus, during the 2014 war, which lasted 50 days, there were 11 ceasefires. Some never actually happened because Hamas terrorists opened fire within a couple of hours of their intended beginning. Some ended early because Hamas opened fire several hours before they were supposed to end.

Over the past three days Hamas has tried to push Palestinian civilians towards IDF positions and hide behind them in order to take ground without fighting, gather intelligence on IDF positions, or create incidents that cause the IDF to kill or wound the civilians. Also, there have been attempts by civilians who had moved away from the danger areas at the behest of the IDF to return to those areas on the assumption that the war is over. Because IDF units cannot differentiate between ‘innocent’ civilians, civilians actively assisting Hamas, and Hamas terrorists who are hiding their weapons, they call on the people to move back and stay away from their positions. Sometimes, they have to employ small-arms fire aimed at the ground or into the air to make the point clear and in some cases to wound in the leg if the ‘civilians’ do not listen and appear about to try to overwhelm the IDF unit. Coming out into the open to physically block the movement of civilians is too dangerous for the IDF. In the past, Palestinians have exploited such attempts by placing snipers to shoot the IDF soldiers who exposed themselves in this way – often shooting from within the crowd so that return fire might hit civilians, or to give the armed individual, if hit, the chance to hide the gun and claim that he too is an unarmed civilian.

Meanwhile, hundreds of trucks carrying petrol, food and medical supplies are entering Gaza from Egypt.

Lebanon:

Prior to the ceasefire the number of Hezbollah attacks per day had roughly doubled, and they were attacking targets a few kilometers further inside Israel than previously. They are using a mix of guided anti-tank missiles, short-range large-warhead rockets and mortars, and lighter longer-range rockets as well as ‘suicide’-drones carrying payloads of a few dozen kilograms of explosives. The advantage of the latter over ordinary rockets or missiles is that the drones can fly in circular routes to reach targets hidden by ridges that block the direct flight paths of rockets and missiles. These can be detected by small reconnaissance drones (hard to detect and hard to hit) that can peek over onto the other side of a hill. These techniques and the countermeasures have been used by both sides in Ukraine. Contrary to some of the sensational reporting from there, they do not constitute a revolution in warfare, but they do add one more capability that has to be addressed.

All together the number of rockets, anti-tank missiles and explosive drones fired by Hezbollah since 7 October is more than 1,000.

So far ten Israelis have been killed in the fighting on this front since 7 October. Several dozen Israelis have been wounded, but the precise number has not been published.

The IDF responded with a counter-escalation involving manned aircraft, drones, artillery and tanks that gradually increased Hezbollah casualties. On 22 November the IDF managed to kill five members of the Hezbollah Special Forces, including a commander and the son of a prominent member of Hezbollah’s political wing. Hezbollah responded with a much heavier bombardment the following day – 20 targets with 45-50 rockets, missiles and explosive drones – but almost half of those weapons fell inside Lebanon. Unlike in Gaza, where more than 10% of rockets fired routinely fail to cross the border into Israel, this is very uncommon with Hezbollah attacks.

Hezbollah fatalities have accumulated to least 85 (six of them in Syria). The number of wounded is not known.

Other Lebanese and Lebanon-based Palestinian organizations have participated in exchanges of fire and at least 13 of their members have been killed.

The population of southern Lebanon has responded to the escalation by moving north. The highest estimate is that approximately 100,000 civilians have abandoned the villages within 15 kilometers of the border with Israel. However, as no one is organizing this movement, the numbers are guesstimates at best. Unlike Hamas, Hezbollah tend to use the civilian population as camouflage (hiding military equipment in their homes) but not as human shields. When fighting escalates they do not attempt to compel civilians to stay, but rather let them leave. Hezbollah has declared that it will pay compensation to the Lebanese civilians whose property and livelihood have been harmed.

When the truce with Hamas went into effect there a couple more incidents occurred on the Lebanese border, but then Hezbollah too ceased its attacks.

Syria:

On the Syrian border there have been only a few incidents so far, involving rocket launches and so on. These were responded to with various means, including tank fire, artillery and airstrikes. At least ten militia members and Syrian army soldiers have been killed in these strikes.

As noted above, six Hezbollah personnel were also killed in Syria. Hezbollah has had a permanent presence in Syria for more than two decades. Until 2011, this presence consisted of administrative personnel who were responsible for transporting supplies sent from Iran via the Syrian airports. In 2012 Hezbollah began sending combat units to assist Assad in defeating the rebellion against his regime. The exact number is not known, but at least 2,000 Hezbollah personnel were killed during the Syrian civil war and many more wounded. Hezbollah exploited Assad’s gratitude for its assistance by setting up positions near the border with Israel in order to conduct attacks into Israel. Israel responded with airstrikes and tank fire directly targeting Hezbollah personnel – but also targeting Syrian regime troops as a message to Assad to control Hezbollah or risk a heavier Israeli attack that would indirectly assist the rebellion. Hezbollah attacks from Syria ceased. However, over the past couple of years the group has resumed activity in Syria by preparing its infrastructure for renewal.

There are reports from the Syrian opposition that more pro-Iranian militia units have arrived near the Israeli border with Syria.

Judea and Samaria:

The fighting in Judea and Samaria continues unabated and has been unaffected so far by the ceasefire in Gaza. However, despite Hamas’s hopes for a full-strength surge in attacks on Israel, an escalation has not occurred beyond the ranks of the usual groups. Israeli security forces have responded with ‘police’ raids to arrest terrorists. So far at least 2,000 terrorists have been arrested and approximately 210 killed – most in IDF raids, and some while attempting to conduct attacks on Israeli civilians or soldiers. Most of the fighting is occurring in the northern area of Jenin, though there is fighting across all of Samaria and Judea (the West Bank).

There has also been an increase in the number of violent altercations between Palestinian civilians and Israeli civilians over agricultural property rights (field boundaries, grazing rights).

There are escalating reports in the Western media and mentions by Western politicians of Israeli settler violence against Palestinians in Judea and Samaria. All these reports and comments ignore the attacks by Palestinians against the Israelis living there. At their height, the number of Israeli settler attacks on Palestinians in Judea and Samaria (none of which is backed by the Israeli government, which sends police and soldiers to halt them and often arrests Israeli perpetrators) is miniscule compared to the attacks by Palestinians in Judea and Samaria or from Judea and Samaria on Israelis.

The following are the official Israeli security forces annual data for attacks by Palestinians on Israelis and Israeli casualties since 2015 in such attacks (i.e., these data do NOT include attacks from Gaza). These attacks include petrol bombs, car-ramming, stabbings, shootings, and bombs of various sizes and types. Most of these attacks fail; i.e., they do not cause Israeli casualties. Note that adding stone-throwing incidents would at least treble the number of attacks, but these are counted only when they cause casualties (those struck by stones are rarely killed but often wounded):

2015 – 2,558 Palestinian attacks – 29 Israelis killed, 430 wounded.

2016 – 1,536 Palestinian attacks – 17 Israelis killed, 253 wounded.

2017 – 1,582 Palestinian attacks – 18 Israelis killed, 150 wounded.

2018 – 1,430 Palestinian attacks – 16 Israelis killed, 83 wounded.

2019 – 1,346 Palestinian attacks – 10 Israelis killed, 66 wounded.

2020 – 1,320 Palestinian attacks – 3 Israelis killed, 46 wounded.

2021 – 2,135 Palestinian attacks – 5 Israelis killed, 222 wounded.

2022 – 2,613 Palestinian attacks – 29 Israelis killed, 134 wounded.

January to August 2023 = 1,702 Palestinian attacks – 32 Israelis killed, 108 wounded.

The full numbers for September and onward have not been published.

Inside Israel:

Approximately 620 investigations have been conducted by the police against Israelis (all Arab-Israelis, as far as I have been able to see) for posts inciting and encouraging terror by glorifying the 7 October attack on Israel. Of these, 86 cases have been filed for prosecution so far.

Yemen:

The Houthis have continued to launch missiles and long-range explosive drones towards Israel. The rate of fire has gone down from the first few days and in some cases, they declared launches that nobody saw. All the actual missiles and explosive drones they have launched have been intercepted by IDF anti-missile defenses, US ships, and in at least one case Saudi anti-missile defenses. (The Houthis have attacked Saudi Arabia numerous times in the past with missiles and explosive drones, and the shortest aerial route from Yemen to Israel passes over a portion of the kingdom.)

On 19 November a Houthi force landed on a ship sailing in the Red Sea near Yemen and captured it. The ship is owned by an Israeli company, though there were no Israelis onboard.

On 26 November another ship owned by an Israeli company was captured by the Houthis. This second ship was recaptured by a United States naval force.

Turkey:

There is a report that Turkey is organizing a flotilla of up to 1,000 civilian ships carrying protesters (including children) to sail to Gaza. It is not yet clear whether the report is true or, if true, accurate in the details. (If there is a flotilla, the number of ships seems exaggerated.)

Iraq and Syria – US forces:

Pro-Iranian Iraqi Shiite militias continued to attack American bases in Iraq and Syria with rockets and exploding drones. Since 18 October, there have been more than 60 such strikes. The number of American casualties is one killed (apparently from cardiac arrest caused by an attack) and at least 56 wounded, with injuries ranging from minor wounds to traumatic brain injuries.

The US military has responded with airstrikes on suspected militia locations and at least one strike on a vehicle carrying members of one of the militias.

Israeli Casualties:

There are still a number of people unaccounted for, but it appears that all or nearly all the bodies of Israelis killed in the initial attack inside Israel have been found. A 12-year-old girl, murdered on 7 October with her brother and aunt in Kibbutz Beeri, was finally identified on 19 November. Currently there are still pieces of bodies that have not been definitely identified because they are so badly damaged (in some cases it is difficult to identify them even with DNA tests). Some of the body parts might belong to previously identified mutilated bodies that are missing parts.

The total numbers of Israelis and non-Israelis[1] killed on the first day of the attack has been reduced as body parts are being connected to bodies and some missing people have been found alive (including people thought to be dead who turned out to have been kidnapped). The current death total for the single day of 7 October is 1,112 all together, including civilians, military, police, firefighters, medical personnel, etc. There are still some people unaccounted for.

Approximately 175-180 kidnapped Israelis and non-Israelis remain hostages in Gaza. It is not known how many of them are alive and how many dead. Sixty-six have been released and three have been confirmed dead. About a few more there have been reports that they died (including the father of a colleague of the writer of this update). However, the veracity of these reports is suspect. One woman reported dead some days ago by Palestinian Islamic Jihad was released alive in the first batch of hostages. Whether this was just a clerical error or a deliberate act of psychological warfare (Palestinian Islamic Jihad said she had died because Israel was delaying the exchange) is not fully clear.

In addition, 19 Israeli civilians have been killed in Hamas rocket attacks.

The total number of Israeli wounded is approximately 9,038.

The number of Israeli soldiers killed in the fighting on all fronts put together, not including the fighting in the first couple of days, is approximately 75, with perhaps seven to ten times that many wounded.

The number of Israelis who have been forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon has reached approximately 250,000. There are debates on returning some of them to areas that are now less threatened. Some of the industrial and agricultural sites near the Gaza border that were abandoned in the first days have resumed work.

Palestinian Casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that so far, approximately 14,500 Gazans have been killed, 35,000 wounded and 7,000 are missing. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians.

Hamas leaders are repeatedly stating to their people that they have achieved a great victory. However, rival organization Fatah used the numbers published by Hamas of casualties and damage to create a propaganda “bill” for the “victory” detailing Palestinian casualties, damage to houses, and damage to the Gazan economy, but providing a discount for the 150 prisoners released from Israel (thanks to blogger Abu Ali Express, who found this image on Palestinian social media):

WHAT NEXT?

After achieving a four-day truce by releasing some of the hostages, Hamas is now trying to lengthen that truce by offering more. Whether they mean it or this is just a ploy to lower IDF readiness has yet to be seen. As noted, they have attempted in the past to conduct operations to test the Israelis and improve the prospects for their own attacks.

According to declarations by Israel’s political leadership, the final objective has not changed: destroy Hamas as a viable functioning organization capable of renewing its governance over Gaza and threatening Israel. Lengthening the truce poses two threats to this objective:

• That Hamas is exploiting the break in fighting to improve its capabilities – reorganizing units to rebuild the command structure (given the large numbers of killed and wounded commanders the Israelis have hunted down), learning lessons to improve methods, redeploying to prepare to face the Israeli attackers, etc. Of course, the same applies to the IDF, but the difference in situation at the beginning of the truce means Hamas stands to gain more than the IDF.
• That a too lengthy truce will become permanent and halt Israel completely, whether because of the evolution of an internal debate on the desirability of continuing the war with its attendant costs in lives and damage to the economy, or external pressure by the United States and other Western states because they want to end the current ’round’ of fighting for whatever reason.

It should be remembered that up to this point, the IDF has fought only the two northern brigades out of a total of five Hamas brigades, and it has not yet completely destroyed them. As a propaganda move, Hamas released one batch of hostages in the center of Gaza City with a sort of military ‘parade’ around the transfer site to the Red Cross. The point was to convey the message, “Look at us – we still control most of the city and are a viable military force!”

As things now stand on the Lebanese border, it seems Hezbollah is satisfied to maintain the status quo of small-scale fighting or even to convert the current truce into a more or less permanent ceasefire. If and when fighting resumes in Gaza, Hezbollah will have to decide if it too wishes to resume the attrition along the border or not. At the moment they are exploiting the quiet to replenish, collect intelligence and learn lessons from the fighting to improve its achievements when fighting resumes.

[1] Among the civilians killed were tourists, a number of agricultural workers from Thailand working in the  fields of the farming villages, and several home nurses, also from abroad.

***

13-16 November 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Gaza:

During the night of 14-15 November, more than an hour after informing the hospital management of its intention to do so, an IDF unit entered the grounds of Shifa Hospital. It did not go through the entire hospital – only to specific sites. The unit found and collected large amounts of abandoned weapons (including in the MRI room), communications equipment, and computers used by Hamas. Meanwhile, the IDF also provided the hospital with incubators and respirators for children as well as artificial milk for babies and other medical materials. Five terrorists were killed on the perimeter of the hospital before the IDF unit entered the grounds. The Palestinians are reporting that the IDF arrested some 200 people on the hospital grounds. The IDF unit completed the operation towards the evening of 15 November and left the grounds of the hospital.

On 16 November the IDF returned to Shifa Hospital. In a building adjacent to the hospital it found the body of one of the Israeli women kidnapped on 7 October. More weapons and a car rigged with a bomb were also found inside the hospital grounds.

Information acquired on one of the kidnapped soldiers who was wounded in the initial attack proves that she died, either in captivity or en route to Gaza. (Hamas kidnapped dead bodies as well as the living. Some of them were dumped inside Gaza and some are still missing.)

Loading a van with incubators to be sent to Shifa Hospital

Screenshot from video of IDF soldiers unloading medical supplies from their armored vehicles at Shifa Hospital

Entrance to a tunnel shaft found on the grounds of Shifa Hospital after the cover hiding it was demolished

Weapons found at Rantisi Hospital a couple of days ago

A tunnel entrance on the Rantisi Hospital grounds

A terrorist with an RPG anti-tank rocket launcher

at the entrance to Al-Quds Hospital (in red circle)

21 terrorists were killed on the perimeter and in the grounds of Al-Quds hospital.

During the day, the IDF dropped flyers over the eastern portions of Khan Yunis in southern Gaza telling the population to move eastward, away from the border.

I have been asked to respond to the following:

On the news here, whenever a journalist says something about how the IDF has told civilians to leave northern Gaza, the journalist typically follows that with a statement about how there are IDF attacks in the south of Gaza and therefore no place is safe and the civilians have no place to go.

This is not accurate. Yes – the IDF has been bombing targets in the southern area of the Gaza Strip too, ever since the first days of the war, but these are all specific targets based on intelligence. There is NO general area bombing anywhere in Gaza – not even in the current main battlefield in and around Gaza City, which is almost empty of civilians. All bombings are based on intelligence or a soldier on the ground sighting a military target, which is then reviewed and cross-checked by both intelligence and legal advisors. Telephone and text message warnings are given in advance to the areas around planned strikes. When a larger area is involved, leaflets are dropped in advance with enough time for the population to move. The actual damage from a specific strike is a single building. Directly adjacent buildings might suffer some damage but are not destroyed, and any building that is not directly adjacent to the target building is unharmed.

Some journalists and bloggers are using the term ‘carpet-bombing’ to describe IDF activity. This term refers to a technique developed in the Second World War by the British and American air forces in which large groups of aircraft (from hundreds to more than a thousand) flew over an area and dropped huge numbers of unguided bombs on it so the entire area was demolished. The Israeli air force does not use this technique. Each strike involves a specific aircraft dropping a single guided bomb on a specific point. If more are needed, the process is repeated separately so collateral damage is minimized.

If what the journalists are claiming were true, the number of casualties would be vastly greater than what the Gaza Health Ministry claims – and as their numbers are neither confirmed nor credible, they are likely to already be an exaggeration of the reality. And as I have written repeatedly, Hamas does not differentiate combatant casualties from the general population.

Since the ground operation began there has been a gradually increasing transfer of humanitarian assistance into Gaza through Egypt. On 15 November the first gasoline tanker truck entered southern Gaza.

The IDF has provided more general information on Hamas:

The Gaza Strip is divided into five regions, each called a brigade.

Each brigade has four to six battalions for a total of 140 companies, including the companies belonging to the special forces who conducted the attack on 7 October.

Each battalion is responsible for holding one neighborhood. The size of the area it controls depends on the topography.

In northern Gaza there are two brigades: the Gaza City brigade, which is the largest with about 9,000 terrorists; and the North Gaza brigade, with about 5,500 terrorists. The IDF has been attacking two or three of these battalions at a time.

The white lines are the boundaries between the brigades.

The pink lines are the boundaries between the battalions.

During the fighting, IDF ground units have reported killing large numbers of Hamas terrorists and capturing a few dozen. The numbers are obviously not precise because when someone fires from a window and a tank shell is fired back, no one goes to check how many terrorists were hit. This is especially true of terrorists killed inside the tunnels, which, when located, are bombed from the air with ground-penetrating bombs.

As the fighting continues there is a slow but steady increase in IDF casualties. By midday on 16 November, 54 IDF personnel had been killed since the beginning of the ground operation in Gaza. The total number of IDF wounded has not been updated. Until now, based on partial reports, I have estimated roughly 10 wounded for every IDF soldier killed, but today I read something that suggests that this ratio might be a bit too high. Until the IDF publishes an official number I cannot be sure.

Hamas continues to fire rockets into Israel though the daily average has lessened. The total to date is approximately 9,500 (of which 3,000 were fired in the first four hours). Of these, approximately 1,150 have fallen inside Gaza. The rate of fire has been drastically reduced over the past few days (only about a dozen per day), probably for two reasons:

• The advance of the IDF has brought its troops to many of the traditional launch sites and many launchers have been destroyed.
• Hamas wants to conserve ammunition for a longer war as stores are being used up. The organization started the conflict with considerably fewer rockets than Hezbollah (which has 130,000 to 150,000, depending on the source).

Lebanon:

Over the past few days Hezbollah has been reporting approximately half a dozen attacks per day against Israel. These include sniping with guided anti-tank missiles, rockets and explosive drones. Among the regular rockets there have also been some carrying warheads weighing 300 to 500 kilograms each.

So far 10 Israelis have been killed in the fighting on this front since 7 October. Several dozen Israelis have been wounded, but the precise number has not been published.

Israel has responded with increased attacks of its own involving artillery, air strikes and tank fire. Hezbollah fatalities have accumulated to least 76 (seven of them in Syria). The number of wounded is not known.

Other Lebanese and Lebanese-based Palestinian organizations have also participated in the exchanges and at least 10 of their members have been killed too.

There are reports of tens of thousands of Lebanese moving north, away from the border with Israel. Unlike Hamas, Hezbollah has tended to use the population as camouflage (hiding military equipment in their homes) but not as human shields. When fighting escalates, they do not attempt to compel civilians to stay the way Hamas does but rather lets them leave.

Syria:

On the Syrian border there have been only a few incidents so far (rocket launches, etc.). These have been responded to with various means including tank fire, artillery and air strikes. At least 10 militia members and Syrian army soldiers have been killed in these strikes.

As noted above, six Hezbollah personnel were also killed in Syria. Hezbollah has had a permanent presence in Syria for more than two decades. Until 2011 these were administrative personnel involved in transporting supplies sent from Iran via the Syrian airports. In 2012 Hezbollah began sending combat units to assist Assad in defeating the rebellion against his regime. The exact number is not known, but at least 2,000 Hezbollah personnel were killed during the Syrian civil war and many more were wounded.

Hezbollah exploited Assad’s gratitude for their assistance by setting up positions near the border with Israel in order to conduct attacks into Israel. Israel responded with air strikes and tank fire directly targeting Hezbollah personnel but also targeting Syrian regime troops as a message to Assad to control Hezbollah or risk a heavier Israeli attack that would indirectly assist the rebellion. Hezbollah’s attacks from Syria ceased, but over the past couple of years the group has resumed preparing the infrastructure needed to renew such attacks.

There are reports from the Syrian opposition that more pro-Iranian militia units have arrived near the Israeli border with Syria.

Judea and Samaria:

In Judea and Samaria (the West Bank), Palestinian attacks on Israelis have increased somewhat but despite calls from the Hamas leadership to escalate, they have not surged. Israeli security forces have responded with ‘police’ raids to arrest terrorists. So far almost 2,000 terrorists have been arrested and approximately 195 killed – most in IDF raids, and some while attempting to conduct attacks on Israeli civilians or soldiers. Today, for example (16 November), three Palestinians drove up to a checkpoint south of Jerusalem and opened fire. An Israeli soldier was killed and six other soldiers and civilians were wounded. The three attackers were killed when other soldiers returned fire.

After spending a few days conducting offensive operations in Jenin, the IDF seems to be conducting similar operations in other cities of Judea and Samaria.

There has also been an increase in the number of violent altercations between Palestinian and Israeli civilians over agricultural property rights (field boundaries, grazing rights).

Yemen:

The Houthis have continued to launch missiles and long-range explosive drones towards Israel. The rate of fire has gone down from the first few days. In some cases, they have declared launches that nobody has seen. All the actual missiles and explosive drones they have launched have been intercepted by IDF anti-missile defenses, US ships (including one on 15 November), and in at least one case by Saudi anti-missile defenses. The Houthis have attacked Saudi Arabia numerous times in the past with missiles and explosive drones and the shortest aerial route from Yemen to Israel passes over a portion of Saudi Arabia.

Iraq and Syria – US forces:

Pro-Iranian Iraqi Shiite militias continued to attack American bases in Iraq and Syria with rockets and exploding drones. So far, since 18 October, there have been more than 55 strikes with rockets and explosive drones. The number of American casualties is one killed (apparently from cardiac arrest caused by an attack) and at least 45 wounded.

The US military has responded with air strikes on suspected militia locations.

Israeli Casualties:

There are still a number of people unaccounted for, but it appears that all or nearly all the bodies of Israelis killed in the initial attack inside Israel have been found. One more body was found this week but it has not yet been identified. Currently there are still pieces of bodies that have not been definitely identified because they are so badly damaged (in some cases there are problems identifying them with DNA tests). Some of the body parts might belong to previously identified mutilated bodies that are missing parts.

Also, some of the missing have been confirmed to be among the kidnapped Israelis in Gaza.

So far, of the Israelis and non-Israelis[1] killed and missing from the initial Hamas attack, approximately 880 civilians and approximately 370 soldiers, policemen and firefighters have been identified. There are still approximately 235 kidnapped Israelis and non-Israelis in Gaza (how many are alive and how many dead is not known). Five have been released and two have been confirmed dead.

In addition, 19 Israeli civilians have been killed by Hamas rocket attacks.

The total number of wounded is approximately 7,260.

The number of Israeli soldiers killed in the fighting since 8 October on all fronts put together is approximately 65 with perhaps seven to ten times that many wounded.

The number of Israelis who have been forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon has reached approximately 250,000.

Palestinian Casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that so far approximately 11,550 Gazans have been killed and almost 30,000 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians.

They have also reported that 1.5 million of the purported 2.2 million Gazans have left their homes, 42,000 buildings have been destroyed or damaged to the extent that they are no longer habitable, and 223,000 houses have been damaged. Ninety-five government buildings and 74 mosques have been destroyed.

Convention of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation on the War:

As expected, all the speakers at the conference criticized Israel, some with more severe terminology (such as Iran and Turkey) and some with less (such as the United Arab Emirates). However, no actual concrete steps were declared publicly and it seems that none were decided upon privately either. The states that have agreements with Israel are either refusing to break off relations or evading the issue.

WHAT NEXT?

A report denied by Iran claims that when Haniya, one of the Hamas leaders, met Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei this week, he was told that because Hamas did not coordinate the attack on Israel with Iran, Iran and Hezbollah would not assist Hamas.

Gaza City is almost empty of civilians with huge numbers having left for the southern areas of the Gaza Strip over the past week.

After operating around and inside a number of hospitals in western Gaza City, the IDF seems to be preparing to advance eastward. The final objective has not changed: to gradually comb the entire city street by street, house by house and tunnel-entrance by tunnel-entrance in order to find, kill or capture Hamas personnel. So far, despite heavy casualties, Hamas has been willing to keep on fighting. The number of those surrendering has been very small. If that continues, this will be a long arduous process and casualties on both sides will definitely increase greatly.

Hamas seems to still be hoping to incite a major escalation in Judea and Samaria, but so far this does not seem to be working. This is likely due to several factors: Israel’s escalated counteractions, the general shock of the populace at the unfolding events, and the fact that the ruling Palestinian faction in Judea and Samaria, Fatah, sees Hamas as an enemy and is quite happy to see it decimated. (Of the approximately 2,000 people arrested or killed by the IDF in its counter-terrorist operations in Judea and Samaria, more than 60% are Hamas personnel.)

The majority of the Arab states are making public declarations in favor of the Palestinians but in fact are doing very little to nothing (depending on the state) to help them. Even humanitarian aid from the Arab states has been minimal, and public demonstrations in favor of the Palestinians in the Arab states are generally fewer and smaller than those in Europe and America. Saudi Arabia has stated, while going through the motions of caring about the Palestinians, that the normalization process with Israeli will continue. Hamas spokesmen have voiced frustration and disappointment with the responses of Hezbollah, Iran and its proxies in particular but with the Muslim world in general. In both Nasrallah’s speeches he spent considerable time giving excuses for not joining the war (at least for now).

There has been some discussion abroad and in the Israeli media about ‘the day after’ – what will be done with Gaza to prevent a recurrence. The US has suggested a plan that includes handing Gaza back to the Fatah-controlled Palestinian Authority. Initially, when asked if Fatah would be willing to return to rule Gaza after the war, a high-ranking Fatah official said it would not, because it would be deemed to have “ridden to power on the tanks and aircraft of the IDF”. However, over the past week they seem to have changed their minds. President Abbas has declared his willingness to reaccept authority over Gaza, but is demanding Israeli concessions in Judea and Samaria in return. Israel’s initial official response to this option was to say that because Fatah did not condemn the Hamas attack, it is not a viable partner, and in any case it is too early to plan seriously for the day after. First we have to win the war.

[1] Among the civilians killed were tourists, a number of agricultural workers from Thailand working in the fields of the farming villages, and a number of home nurses, also from abroad.

***

7-12 November 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Gaza:

Over the past six days, Israeli forces have gradually entered deeper into Gaza City, mostly in the direction of known strongpoints of Hamas but also combing general areas. The focus, from the news reports, seems to be first the neighborhoods closest to the beach, cutting the city off from the sea, and approaching the areas traditionally reported as locations of the higher headquarters of Hamas inside the city. During previous operations, it was determined that the supreme leadership of Hamas is located in fortified underground offices under Shifa Hospital.

All hospitals, neighborhood clinics and mosques in Gaza have had underground offices and storage sites built underneath them that are connected to the tunnel systems that crisscross the city underground. In previous confrontations, the IDF generally did not bomb hospitals, clinics or mosques. Furthermore, except in exceptional circumstances, it did not enter them with ground troops. In 2014, one neighborhood clinic that was entered exploded on the IDF unit. The building had had bombs hidden permanently in the walls and floors even as it was being used to treat patients in peacetime.

The movement of the IDF in Gaza is extremely slow because every building has to be checked before entry for explosive booby-traps. Most have been rigged. This includes residential buildings, public service buildings, etc.

Hamas forces are continuing to conduct raids on IDF units beyond the city perimeter by exiting from hidden tunnel openings. The IDF units are searching for these openings and destroying them.

The IDF has not published an estimate of Hamas casualties except to claim that the majority of the Palestinian fatalities are combatants and not civilians. In other words, the combatants number in the thousands. Hamas disguises its combatants as civilians by having most of them dress in civilian clothes. That way, when they are killed or wounded, they look like civilians in photos and videos taken by Hamas.

Screenshot from a Hamas video of the fighting.

Note the civilian clothes: jeans, T-shirts and jackets.

As the fighting continues, there has been a slow but steady increase in IDF casualties too. By midday on 12 November, 47 IDF personnel had been killed since the beginning of the ground operation in Gaza. The total number of IDF wounded has not been updated, but from occasional references in daily news reports it appears to be about ten times the number of wounded.

Hamas continues to fire rockets into Israel, though the daily average has lessened. The total to date is approximately 9,500 (of which 3,000 were fired in the first four hours). Of these, approximately 1,150 have fallen inside Gaza (including one on Shifa Hospital on 11 November). For the first time, the report also explicitly mentions the launch of “tens” of explosive drones fired from Gaza.

The rate of fire has been drastically reduced over the past few days – probably for two reasons:

• The advance of the IDF has brought its troops to many of the traditional launch sites and many launchers have been destroyed.
• Hamas wishes to conserve ammunition for a longer war as the stores are being used up. Hamas had considerably fewer rockets than Hezbollah.

The number of civilians leaving Gaza has grown considerably. Over the past week, nearly 200,000 have walked past the Israeli checkpoint on the eastern road leading south. However, that still leaves a couple of hundred thousand in north Gaza. All told, since the beginning of the war, the IDF has dropped approximately 1.5 million flyers urging the population to move away from probable objectives, sent 6 million voice messages, 4 million text messages, and an unpublished number of phone calls warning of impending strikes on specific buildings to the people living within the danger zone of each strike.

A topic Hamas has been harping on for almost two weeks is that the hospitals are running out of fuel and are losing the electric power critical to providing care. However, every photograph and video taken inside the hospitals shows the electricity still working. The IDF published a conversation that proves that there are hundreds of thousands of liters of petrol in Hamas stores, including in underground stores beneath the hospitals. Furthermore, donations of medical supplies are reaching the hospitals inside Gaza City, as they are being allowed through by the IDF. Thus, on 8 November trucks carrying medical supplies arrived and unloaded in Shifa Hospital. Donations from other Arab countries have also been let in, including a second paradrop of medical supplies flown by the Jordanian air force through Israel.

Many of the hospitals in northern Gaza are being evacuated of patients and of people who came there looking for a safe haven in the knowledge that Israel does not attack hospitals. However, as the fighting has neared these hospitals, the IDF has requested that they evacuate their patients and staff because the underground floors were being used by Hamas for weapons storage, command posts, and tunnel entrances. At Rantisi Hospital, the local Hamas company commander held approximately 1,000 Gazan civilians hostage to prevent the IDF from attacking the hospital. When IDF units closed in on the hospital, he and a group of his men moved to the nearby Al-Buraq school, which had already been evacuated, where they were located and killed. Inside the school grounds the IDF found weapons stores and a manufacturing site as well as a tunnel entrance.

Currently the same process is being repeated at Shifa, the most famous hospital in Gaza, which houses the largest Hamas underground area. That is where the Hamas high command was located in all previous wars, though this time it is likely that they have all fled to southern Gaza. The IDF has delayed approaching the hospital to allow its evacuation and has even offered to help move non-ambulatory patients and provide fuel for the hospital electricity generators. The offer was refused. As with a previous event, a failed rocket launch struck the hospital grounds and Hamas tried to claim it was an Israeli bomb.

Hamas also claims Israeli has attacked ambulances. The IDF responded that the only ambulances attacked were those being used to drive Hamas combat personnel on their missions (i.e., NOT wounded). Given that Hamas combat personnel are often wearing civilian clothes, they are discovered through intensive intelligence work. Furthermore, it has been revealed that Hamas has a unit of many fake ambulances for transporting its personnel (not injured or sick) and equipment. Hamas established this unit to take advantage of Israel’s known reluctance to shoot at ambulances.

Lebanon:

On the Lebanese border there has been a gradual escalation in Hezbollah attacks, both in the number of rockets fired and in the size of the models used (they are now much bigger, with 300-500 kilogram warheads). Hezbollah is also using exploding drones. On 12 November 22 Israelis were wounded in a Hezbollah attack, including a group of civilians working on repairing electricity infrastructure not far from the border. One was critically injured and five more suffered less critical injuries. So far 10 Israelis have been killed in the fighting on this front since 7 October.

Israel has responded with increased attacks of its own. Hezbollah fatalities have accumulated to least 72 (seven in Syria). The number of wounded is not known.

Nasrallah has again spoken publicly and not said much. However, one of his deputies promised to escalate to all-out war if they think Hamas is on the verge of being totally defeated.

Other Lebanese and Lebanese-based Palestinian organizations have also participated in the exchange of fire and at least 10 members of these groups have been killed.

There are reports of tens of thousands of Lebanese moving north, away from the border with Israel. Unlike Hamas, Hezbollah has tended to use the population as camouflage but not as human shields – so when fighting escalates they do not attempt to compel them to stay, but let them leave.

Syria:

On the Syrian border there have been only a few incidents so far, including rocket launches, etc. These have been responded to with various means including tank fire, artillery and air strikes.

An Iraqi Shiite organization located in Syria launched drones at Eilat. One hit a school and one was shot down. School was in session at the time it was hit, but because of the location of the hit, nobody was hurt. Israel responded with air strikes on targets in Syria and stated to the Assad regime that it would be held responsible for any more attacks originating in Syria.

Judea and Samaria:

In Judea and Samaria too, Palestinian attacks on Israelis have increased somewhat. However, despite calls from the Hamas leadership to escalate, they have not surged. Israeli security forces have responded with ‘police’ raids to arrest terrorists.

Over the past few days, the IDF has conducted a series of raids into Jenin. The roads entering the city had bombs planted underneath them by the terrorist organizations and were then covered over with asphalt. Apparently the IDF had intelligence on this, so its raiding force advanced behind armored bulldozers that tore up the asphalt and revealed the bombs. They were then detonated safely.

So far, approximately 1,600 terrorists (approximately 930 of them from Hamas) have been arrested and approximately 183 killed in Judea and Samaria, mostly in IDF raids. Some were arrested or killed while attempting to conduct attacks on Israeli civilians or soldiers.

There has also been an increase in the number of violent altercations between Palestinian civilians and Israeli civilians over agricultural property rights (field boundaries, grazing rights).

Yemen:

The Houthis have continued to launch missiles and long-range explosive drones towards Israel. The rate of fire has gone down from the first few days and over the past few days, many launches were verbal only (they were declared, but no launches actually took place).

An exo-atmospheric ballistic missile was shot down by an Israeli Arrow-3 defensive missile.

Iraq and Syria – US forces:

Pro-Iranian Iraqi Shiite militias continued to attack American bases in Iraq and Syria with rockets and exploding drones. The number of American casualties is one killed (apparently from cardiac arrest caused by an attack) and at least 45 wounded.

The US military has responded with air strikes on suspected militia locations.

Israeli Casualties:

There are still a number of people unaccounted for, but it seems that all or virtually all the bodies of Israelis killed in the initial attack inside Israel have been found. Currently there are still body parts that have not been definitely identified because they are so badly damaged (in some cases rendering DNA tests inconclusive). Some of these body parts might belong to previously identified mutilated bodies that are missing parts.

Also, some of the missing have been confirmed to be among the kidnapped Israelis in Gaza.

So far, of the Israelis and non-Israelis[1] killed and missing from the initial Hamas attack, approximately 880 civilians and approximately 370 soldiers, policemen and firefighters have been identified. Approximately 235 are among the kidnapped in Gaza (how many alive and how many dead is not known). Five have been released.

In addition, 19 civilians have been killed in the rocket attacks.

The total number of wounded is approximately 7,260.

The number of Israeli soldiers killed in the fighting since 8 October on all fronts together is approximately 60 with perhaps almost ten times as many wounded.

The number of Israelis who have been forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon has reached approximately 250,000.

Palestinian Casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that so far approximately 11,100 Gazans have been killed and approximately 28,000 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians. They also claim that this number includes more than 4,000 children. Apart from the fact that all the numbers are propaganda-based and neither verifiable nor credible, “children” includes anyone up to the age of 18 – and since Hamas actively employs teens as combatants, this includes quite a number of terrorists. This is also true of the women and elderly who often serve in Hamas as scouts or suicide-bombers. There is a history of supposedly innocent people of all ages approaching IDF soldiers to ask for help and actually carrying suicide bomb-vests under their clothes or trying to lead the soldiers into explosive booby-traps or ambushes. The IDF spokesperson claims that the majority of the casualties are Hamas personnel or personnel of other armed groups, but has not elaborated.

The latest report on displaced Palestinians gives the number at approximately 1 million. This includes the vast majority of the population of northern Gaza, whom the IDF told to leave and head south. Simultaneously with providing the above number to the UN, another Hamas spokesperson tried to claim that there are still 900,000 out of 1.1 million Palestinians in northern Gaza and that this proves the IDF attempt to move the population south has failed. This is yet another example of the contradictions in Hamas rhetoric.

Organization of Islamic Cooperation Convention on the War:

As expected, all the speakers at the conference criticized Israel, some with more severe terminology (such as Iran and Turkey) and some with less (such as the United Arab Emirates). However, no concrete steps were declared publicly and it seems that none were decided privately either. The states that have agreements with Israel are all either refusing to break off relations or are evading the issue.

WHAT NEXT?

Hezbollah did indeed change its mind, re-escalating after a few days of reduced attacks. It seems that the new level is very likely to become the norm unless the IDF finds a way to hit back strongly. So we will have to wait and see if Hezbollah maintains the new level of fighting and whether the IDF counter-escalates.

The IDF is still waiting for civilians to leave Gaza City and the civilians seem to be leaving in ever-growing numbers, so the IDF will probably continue to maintain pressure but not escalate its advance into the depths of the city. The final objective has not changed: to gradually comb the city itself, street by street, house by house, and tunnel-entrance by tunnel-entrance in order to find, kill, or capture Hamas personnel. So far, Hamas seems to be willing to keep on fighting despite heavy casualties. The number of those surrendering has been very small. If so, this will be a long, arduous process and casualties on both sides will increase greatly.

Hamas seems to still be hoping to incite a major escalation in Judea and Samaria (the West Bank), but so far this does not seem to be working. This is due to Israel’s escalated counter-actions and the general shock of the populace at the unfolding events – but also to the fact that the ruling Palestinian faction in Judea and Samaria, Fatah, sees Hamas as an enemy and is quite happy to see it decimated. (Of the almost 1,800 people arrested or killed by the IDF in its counter-terrorist operations in Judea and Samaria, more than 60% are Hamas personnel.)

The majority of the Arab states are making public declarations in favor of the Palestinians but in fact are doing little to nothing (depending on the state) to help them. Even humanitarian aid from the Arab states is minimal, and public demonstrations in favor of the Palestinians in the Arab states are generally fewer and smaller than those in Europe and America. Saudi Arabia has stated that the normalization process with Israeli will continue. This is while the Arab states go through the motions of caring for the Palestinians as described above in the paragraph on the emergency meeting of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation to discuss a regional response to the war.

Hamas spokesmen have voiced their frustration and disappointment in the responses of Hezbollah, Iran and its proxies in particular but of the Muslim world in general. In both of Nasrallah’s speeches he spent considerable time making excuses for not joining the war – at least for now.

There has been some discussion abroad and in the Israeli media about ‘the day after’ – that is, what will be done with Gaza to prevent a recurrence. The US has suggested a plan that includes handing Gaza back to the Fatah-controlled Palestinian Authority. Initially, when asked if Fatah would be willing to return to rule Gaza after the war, a high-ranking Fatah official said it would not, as it would be deemed to have “ridden to power on the tanks and aircraft of the IDF”. However, over the past week they seem to have changed their mind. President Abbas has declared his willingness to reaccept authority over Gaza, but demands Israeli concessions in Judea and Samaria in return. Meanwhile, the IDF seems to have concentrated most of its efforts in the past week in and around the town of Jenin. After achieving a satisfactory conclusion there it is likely to focus on other locations of escalation.

Israel’s initial official response to this option was to say that because Fatah refused to condemn the Hamas attack, it is not a viable partner; and in any case, it is too early to make decisions or plan seriously for the day after. First we have to win the war.

[1] Among the civilians killed were tourists and a number of agricultural workers from Thailand working in the fields of the farming villages.

***

3 – 6 November 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Gaza:

Over the past four days, Israeli forces have gradually tightened the noose around Gaza City and have begun to conduct raids into the outskirts. These raids are directed at known strongpoints of Hamas.

Meanwhile, Hamas forces are attempting to exploit the hidden tunnel exits in the open ground outside the city to attack the Israeli forces deployed there. They have been publishing quite a number of short video clips of their raids on Israeli troops and positions. These clips purport to show their successes. They have had some successes, but many of the clips are cut before the actual result of the attack is shown. Thus, for instance, they claim to have destroyed 27 IDF tanks, armored personnel carriers and bulldozers and to have “eliminated dozens of Israeli soldiers” over the past two days. A few armored vehicles have indeed been damaged including one or two destroyed, but in most cases, these attacks failed. The clip shows the anti-tank rocket exploding, but is then cut before showing that the explosion did not in fact damage the target, usually because it was intercepted by the Israeli active protection system. After each raid the Hamas attackers rush back to their tunnel exits. The IDF troops follow them to locate the tunnels and employ various means to destroy them.

Hamas fighters have suffered heavy casualties as Israeli troops discover their hideouts and destroy them. In a number of cases entire tunnel sections were destroyed with a barrage of ground-penetrating bombs that killed large numbers of Hamas personnel hiding in them. The ability to do this requires an accurate trace of the tunnel. In these cases, tunnels were located by capturing documents in Hamas headquarters the IDF had raided. The IDF has also been hunting Hamas commanders and has killed quite a few of them.

Top photograph: Hamas rocket launchers discovered in a Boy Scouts den. They are permanently emplaced in an open section of the wall to shoot from inside the building.

Bottom photograph: Half-buried rocket launchers in the yard next to a mosque.

The IDF has not published an estimate of Hamas casualties except to claim that the majority of the Palestinian fatalities are combatants and not civilians. They number in the thousands.

A couple of days ago the IDF finally released its own casualty figures so far. As of today, they amount to approximately 300 injured and 31 killed.

Hamas continues to fire rockets into Israel though the daily average has lessened. The total to date is approximately 9,000, of which approximately 1,000 fell inside Gaza. Also, for the first time, they fired two rockets with a range of more than 100 kilometers. The claimed range was 250 kilometers, but the actual distance to the targets was less than half that. Neither hit its target.

Over the past three days the IDF has repeatedly called on civilians still in Gaza City to evacuate to the south of the Gaza Strip. All roads going south are now controlled by IDF units, so each day the IDF declares specific hours for travel along one of the roads. A checkpoint has been set up to check the identity of those passing through in order to catch Hamas personnel trying to escape with the civilians. On the first day the road was opened, Hamas troops fired at the area of the checkpoint, threatening the lives of the Gazan civilians themselves.

One of the flyers dropped by Israeli aircraft with an explanation for the population on which route to use to evacuate:

Screen shot from an IDF drone video feed of Gazan civilians walking south.

A reporter from ‘The Arabic Television’ standing a couple of kilometers south of the IDF checkpoint on Salakh a-Din road interviews a woman who came from Gaza City:

A topic that Hamas has been harping on for over a week is that the hospitals are running out of fuel and are losing electrical power critical to providing care. However, every photograph or video from inside the hospitals they claim are affected shows the electricity still working. The IDF published a conversation that proves that there are hundreds of thousands of liters of petrol in Hamas stores, including in underground stores beneath the hospitals.

Hamas also claims Israeli has attacked ambulances. The IDF responded that the only ambulances attacked were those being used to drive Hamas combat personnel on their missions (i.e., NOT wounded). Given that Hamas combat personnel are often wearing civilian clothes they are discovered through intensive intelligence work.

Israel allowed the Jordanian air force to parachute medical supplies in Gaza. To reach Gaza the Jordanian military transport aircraft had to fly through Israel.

Meanwhile, new information on the initial Hamas attack into Israel has shown that a number of the participants in the attack were Gazans who were allowed to work inside Israel (a total of almost 20,000 such permits were granted). Others who did not participate in the actual attack did serve as collectors of intelligence on the Israeli defenses they passed along the border and worked in the Israeli agricultural villages.

The family of a Bedouin Arab who was murdered by Hamas during the 7^th October attack has declared a blood feud and is offering US$1,000,000 for information on the killers’ identities. According to the family, the entire tribe organized a donation drive and raised the money to enable the execution of the feud. In such cases the usual process is that the family of the murdered person kills the killer/killers or a third party mediates compensation depending on the case. If not mediated successfully, such feuds can last generations.

Lebanon:

On Friday 3^rd November, Hassan Nasrallah, the chief of Hezbollah, gave a speech that had received heavy build-up as it was expected to dictate Hezbollah’s policy with regard to the current war. I listened to it – it was boring. Nasrallah opened by hailing the Hamas success on 7^th October but then explained at length why Hezbollah is not doing more to assist it by joining in the war at full strength, much to the disappointment of the Palestinians.

A new trend in Hezbollah attacks has begun, however. It is using larger rockets with much heavier warheads, but maintaining more or less the same targets. The Israeli response was also much more powerful, and Hezbollah fatalities are now at 63. In addition to attacking the Hezbollah units conducting the attacks, the IDF has apparently been attacking Hezbollah sites throughout southern Lebanon to a distance of at least 10 kilometers from the border.

In addition to Hezbollah, Palestinian groups have participated in the fighting in Lebanon and have suffered nine killed.

On 6^th November Hamas forces in Lebanon fired some 30 rockets into Israel. There were no casualties. Such a large barrage would not have been possible without Hamas permission.

Syria:

On the Syrian border there have been only a few incidents so far – rocket launches etc. These were responded to via tank fire, artillery and air strikes.

Judea and Samaria:

In Judea and Samaria Palestinian attacks on Israelis have increased somewhat, but despite calls from the Hamas leadership to escalate, they have not surged. Israeli security forces have responded with ‘police’ raids to arrest terrorists. So far approximately 1,350 have been arrested and approximately 160 have been killed either attempting to attack Israelis or resisting arrest with firearms. The majority are Hamas personnel, but there are also Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Fatah personnel. Today, 6^th November, a high-ranking Hamas military commander was killed in an Israeli raid in Tulkarem. Also killed was a commander in a Fatah-affiliated terrorist group[1] whose father is a brigadier general in the official Palestinian Authority security forces.

A 16-year-old Palestinian walking by two Israeli police personnel in Jerusalem suddenly attacked them with a knife, killing the policewoman and wounding the policeman. Other police personnel at the scene shot and killed the attacker. This brings the number of Israelis killed in Judea and Samaria to three.

There has also been a slight increase in the number of violent altercations between Palestinian civilians and Israeli civilians over agricultural property rights (field boundaries, grazing rights).

Yemen:

The Houthis have continued to launch missiles and long-range explosive drones towards Israel. The rate of fire has gone down from the first few days and none has succeeded in hitting Israel (though they claim to have succeeded).

Attacks on US Forces in Iraq and Syria:

Pro-Iranian Iraqi Shiite militias continued to attack American bases in Iraq and Syria with rockets and exploding drones. The total number of such attacks since the beginning of the current Israel-Hamas war is more than 30 so far. The number of American casualties is one killed (apparently from cardiac arrest caused by an attack) and approximately 30 wounded.

Attempts to Attack Israelis Abroad:

According to a high-ranking Israeli security official, over the past few months (i.e., including a number of months prior to the current war), a few dozen attempts to attack Israelis and Jews abroad have been thwarted. The Office for Counter Terrorism has issued a strong warning to Israelis to delay all travel abroad.

Israeli Casualties:

There are still a number of people unaccounted for, but it seems that all or nearly all the bodies of Israelis killed in the initial attack inside Israel have been found. Currently there are still a few hundred bodies that have not been definitely identified because they are so badly damaged (in some cases there are problems identifying the bodies even with DNA tests). Also, some of the missing have been confirmed to be among the kidnapped Israelis in Gaza.

The current count of Israelis killed is more than 1,400 (of whom approximately 400 are soldiers, police and firefighters) with more than 6,900 wounded. This includes the Israelis killed or wounded in the fighting that followed the initial Hamas attack, but almost all were killed or wounded on the first day. Also, the current count of hostages confirmed kidnapped to Gaza is 241 (one less, after the identification of another dead person who former information had suggested was in Gaza). It is not known how many of the hostages are still alive.

The number of Israelis who have been forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon has reached approximately 250,000.

Palestinian Casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that so far approximately 10,050 Gazans have been killed and approximately 24,000 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians. They also claim that this number includes more than 4,000 children. Apart from the fact that all the numbers are propaganda-based and not verifiable or credible, the children include anyone up to the age of 18. Since Hamas actively employs teens as combatants, in fact this includes quite a number of terrorists. This is true also of women and elderly people who often serve in Hamas, often as scouts or suicide-bombers. There is a history of supposedly innocent Palestinians of both sexes and all ages approaching IDF soldiers to ask for help and actually carrying suicide bomb-vests under their clothes, or trying to lead IDF soldiers into explosive booby traps or ambushes. The IDF spokesperson claims that the majority of the casualties are Hamas personnel or personnel of other armed groups, but has not elaborated.

The claim of 32,000 wounded published on 2^nd November was apparently a typographical error in the Gaza Health Ministry report. The next day they reduced it to 23,000.

The latest report on displaced Palestinians gives the number at approximately 1 million. This includes the vast majority of the population of northern Gaza who were told by the IDF to leave and head south. When providing this number to the UN, a Hamas spokesperson tried to claim that there are 900,000 of 1.1 million Palestinians still in northern Gaza and that this proves the IDF attempt to move the population south has failed. This is one more example of the contradictions in Hamas rhetoric.

WHAT NEXT?

Following Nasrallah’s mellow speech on 3^rd November, the tension, though not the fighting (as described above), has been reduced. However, this does not mean Hezbollah will not change their minds later. Iran too seems (publicly) more interested in stopping Israel’s offensive on Hamas than widening the fighting to new fronts. However, it must be taken into consideration that this might be an attempt to get Israel to lower its guard before a sudden escalation once they have completed their preparations, which will require them to move more forces into Syria and Lebanon. Therefore, Israel is still holding its forces in high readiness along the borders with these two states and retaliating aggressively to every attack.

Since there is more civilian traffic evacuating Gaza City and the IDF seems intent on allowing it while maintaining pressure on Hamas, the next few days will probably see only a gradual advance into the city. But as I wrote previously, it seems the IDF intends to gradually comb the city itself, street by street, house by house and tunnel entrance by tunnel entrance in order to find, kill or capture Hamas personnel. If so, this will be a long arduous process and casualties on both sides will definitely increase greatly.

Hamas seems to be planning to maintain its presence in Gaza, though a few of its personnel were captured by the IDF trying to leave Gaza among the civilians as mentioned above. It claims to have stored enough food, water and equipment to continue fighting a long time – hopefully until Israel’s allies stop supporting it and demand an Israeli withdrawal from Gaza because of the civilian casualties inflicted during the fighting. In the meantime, it hopes to inflict many casualties on Israeli troops by raiding and ambushing them through popping up out of the tunnels or the many above-ground hiding places it has prepared among the tens of thousands of buildings in Gaza.

Hamas seems to still be hoping to incite a major escalation in Judea and Samaria (the West Bank), but so far this does not seem to be working. This is due in part to Israel’s escalated counter-actions and the general shock of the populace at unfolding events, but also to the fact that the ruling Palestinian faction in Judea and Samaria, Fatah, sees Hamas as an enemy and is quite happy to see it decimated. (Of the approximately 1,500 people arrested or killed by the IDF in its counter-terrorist operations in Judea and Samaria, more than 60% are Hamas personnel). However, when asked if Fatah would be willing to return to rule Gaza after the war, a high-ranking Fatah official declared that it would not, because the group would be deemed to have “ridden to power on the tanks and aircraft of the IDF”.

The majority of the Arab states are making public declarations in favor of the Palestinians but in fact are doing little to nothing (depending on the state) to help them. Even humanitarian aid from the Arab states has been minimal, and public demonstrations in favor of the Palestinians in the Arab states are generally fewer and smaller than those in Europe and America.

ADDITIONAL TOPICS

Deep-Fake Propaganda:

Since the outbreak of the war, the amount of false information and fake content on the internet has reached new heights. Much of this content is created using deep-fake applications based on artificial intelligence. The fact that any internet user is now able to create synthetic content has made the issue of public diplomacy especially complex. It is vital, therefore, that there be a deep understanding both of the phenomenon and ways to confront the challenges it poses.

See article: https://www.inss.org.il/publication/war-deep-fake/

Proportionality:

One of the topics that many anti-Israel commentators use is the principle of “proportionality” in international law. Supposedly, because Hamas killed “only” 1,400 Israelis, Israel’s response, which has killed more, is disproportional.

This is a distortion of that legal concept. Proportionality in international law does not mean that if someone slaps my face I am only allowed to respond by slapping his. It means that my action must be proportionate to the need to prevent that person from slapping me again. If a counter-slap is sufficient, then that is proportionate. If kicking him is required because a slap won’t stop him from doing it again, then that is proportionate.

The following was written for me by a legal expert:

Israel’s right to self-defense under international law following the attack by Hamas on October 7 is beyond question, but many take a mistaken view of the limits placed on that right by the principle of proportionality in the international law of armed conflict.

Proportionality in this context does not mean, as many suppose, that defensive military action must be limited so as to cause “only” proportionate harm to the enemy. Thus, the number of casualties or the damage caused to non-military targets is not in itself an indication of disproportionality.

What the principle does require is that the military action, when targeting a particular military target, should not proceed if the information available indicates that the probable collateral damage to civilians and non-military targets would be excessive in relation to the military advantage expected from the military action.

This is therefore a more nuanced and fact-sensitive equation than is commonly understood.

Thus, for example, the warnings to residents in Gaza to remove themselves to the south are highly relevant given the need and legal right to target and destroy Hamas assets which have been embedded in residential and civilian environments.

Application of the correct definition of proportionality in international law is therefore of the utmost importance in assessing the legality, and indeed the morality, of current Israeli military action and any further action that is undertaken in the future.

[1] Fatah continues to play a double game: officially it denounces terrorist attacks and employs the official Palestinian Authority security forces (all Fatah members) to prevent it, while at the same time it maintains a terrorist organization that belongs to it but is deemed separate and independent for the sake of deniability.

***

29 October – 2 November 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Gaza:

Turkish newspaper map of situation on 2^nd November. (the red line marks the boundary the IDF requested the Palestinian civilians to cross going south)

As noted in my last update, during the night of 27-28 October a new chapter began in the war – the IDF ground offensive. Over these six days, the IDF advanced into Gaza from three directions: initially from the northwestern corner along the coast (what the Turkish newspaper in the image above calls the Beit Lahia axis); the following night also from the northeastern corner (what the Turkish newspaper calls the Beit Hanoun axis), and on Sunday also from the east just south of the city of Gaza (what the Turkish newspaper calls the Johr al-Dik axis), cutting off Gaza City (the northern third of the Strip) from the rest of the Gaza Strip. Over the past 24 hours Palestinian reports have suggested that IDF units are entering the edges of Gaza City itself along the coast from north and south.

A Turkish newspaper published the above map based on Palestinian reports. The IDF has not published a map of its own and I am not sure how accurate the Turkish map is, but it is probably close enough to give the general idea.

The initial advance through the open ground between the border and the built-up areas was conducted behind a rolling barrage that destroyed many of the bombs hidden in the ground. Underneath this open area is a warren of tunnels with many hidden openings. The Hamas fighters let the IDF troops pass, then climbed out of the tunnels to attack them from behind or from the flanks. They also attempted to fire long-range anti-tank missiles from high-rise buildings inside Gaza that overlook the open areas and to send armed drones against the Israelis. In the majority of cases these attacks failed. After a few days of fairly light fighting, the intensity of the fighting escalated considerably on 31^st October as the IDF reached the outskirts of the built-up areas.

So far the IDF has reported the deaths of 18 of its soldiers and a couple of dozen wounded (the exact number of wounded has not been published). A few bulldozers (leading the advance to clear underground bombs and other obstacles), one tank and one APC have been heavily damaged. In most cases, the Israeli active defense system mounted on these vehicles intercepted the missiles and rockets before they hit.[i] Behind the leading units advancing to the city, other units are scouring the ground to find the hidden entrances to the tunnel complex in order to destroy them and block the ability of the Hamas forces to use them.

Hamas casualties are not clear because the official Hamas reports are not credible and they deliberately hide military casualties among the civilian casualties. However, they are clearly very high (I would rather not speculate). Many of the Hamas personnel that have been killed were hiding underground when their positions were hit with ground-penetrating bombs (bombs that explode only after penetrating a certain distance into the ground). Also, many Hamas personnel have switched from uniforms to civilian clothing.

[i] This system is like a miniature ‘Iron Dome’ for protecting individual vehicles from rockets and missiles.

While the Israeli ground forces are advancing the air force is continuing to strike targets located by IDF intelligence all over the Gaza Strip, especially in the northern third. There is a deliberate hunt going on for senior Hamas commanders and more than a dozen have been reported killed. All together, since the beginning of the war, the Israeli air force has struck some 12,000 targets with a wide variety of ordnance – from ground-penetrating bombs to regular bombs dropped by manned aircraft to small accurate missiles launched by drones and anti-tank missiles launched by helicopters.

The IDF has also launched a campaign to acquire information on the kidnapped people (note that the number of confirmed kidnapped has grown to 242). Flyers dropped all over the Gaza Strip state that anyone who is holding kidnappees, alive or dead, or has information on their whereabouts will be provided with payment and safe passage for them and their families if they hand them over to the IDF. Conversely, whoever is found to be holding women or children and does not hand them over will be killed.

Hamas propaganda has reported time and again that the fuel necessary to operate the electricity generators in the hospitals has run out and that this will create a humanitarian disaster. Every time, photographs from the hospitals mentioned collected from social media show that the electricity is still on. The following screenshot shows the Indonesian Hospital (named after the country that donated it) half an hour after the Gaza Health Ministry declared the electric generators to be no longer working (collected by Israeli blogger – Abu Aly Express):

Also, the IDF published an intercepted telephone conversation between a Hamas battalion commander and the director of the Indonesian Hospital in which the commander describes taking 1,000 liters of fuel from the hospital stocks.

Meanwhile, Hamas and the other Gazan groups have continued to fire rockets all over central and southern Israel. Since the beginning of the war, they have fired more than 8,500 rockets. Approximately 1,000 of these were fired in the past 7 days. About 10% of the rockets fell inside Gaza.

Hamas allowed several hundred residents of Gaza with foreign citizenship to leave today via Egypt, and several hundred trucks carrying humanitarian supplies crossed into Gaza from Egypt over the past week.

Lebanon:

Since the beginning of the war, Hezbollah has conducted a total of 98 attacks into Israel, almost all involving anti-tank missiles. Nine Israelis were killed – almost all soldiers.

After losing at least 51 men in skirmishes along the border, Hezbollah escalated its attacks on 2 November. Instead of just firing guided anti-tank missiles at specific targets, it launched salvos of rockets at nearly 20 different targets. These included the Israeli town of Kiryat Shmona and a number of villages. Most of the Israeli population has been evacuated south in the past two weeks.

Hezbollah also fired a surface-to-air missile at an Israeli aircraft, but missed. Hezbollah has a variety of medium surface-to-air missile launchers. The exact types and numbers available have not been published, but they are known to include Russian models and Iranian copies of Russian models. A report was published suggesting that the Russian Wagner mercenary group has offered to supply more such systems to Hezbollah.

Israeli aircraft, drones, attack helicopters, artillery and tanks returned fire at the anti-tank teams and rocket launchers and also attacked Hezbollah infrastructure located near the border with Israel (despite that area supposedly having been cleared of any Hezbollah presence and supposedly monitored as such by UNIFIL [United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]).

Palestinian groups have also have participated in the fighting in addition to Hezbollah and have suffered nine killed.

An Iranian proxy group called Imam Hussein, stationed in Syria, has started crossing into Lebanon to reinforce Hezbollah. The group numbers some 6,000 fighters from various countries (Nigeria, Mali, Niger, Lebanon and Afghanistan). It was originally placed in Syria to help the Assad regime quell the rebellion against it. It has already conducted a number of attacks on Israel via the Syrian border. They have about 5,000 infantrymen and approximately 1,000 operators of drones, surface-to-surface missiles and surface-to-air missiles.

Syria:

On the Syrian border there have been only a few incidents so far, including rocket launches etc. These were responded to with various means – tank fire, artillery and air strikes.

Air strikes have also been conducted on Syrian airports through which Iran is supplying equipment to Hezbollah and other proxy forces.

Iranian proxy forces in Iraq have also declared a mobilization in preparation to cross the border into Syria in order to fight Israel. These number up to 170,000 personnel, divided into 67 different groups under the umbrella organization of Al-Khashad a-Sha’aby (The Popular Mobilization Forces). It is not clear how many can actually be sent to Syria. This will depend on the logistical capability of the Iranians. The attackers of American forces in Iraq and Syria over the past two weeks have come from these groups. Most of these groups are just light infantry, but some also have tanks, armored personnel carriers and artillery.

Judea and Samaria:

In Judea and Samaria too, Palestinian attacks on Israelis have increased somewhat. But despite calls from the Hamas leadership to escalate, they have not surged. Israeli security forces have responded with ‘police’ raids to arrest terrorists. So far approximately 1,155 have been arrested and approximately 130 have been killed either attempting to attack Israelis or resisting arrest with firearms.

So far two Israelis have been killed and a number wounded in the attacks by Palestinians and raids by the IDF to capture specific individuals.

There has also been a slight increase in the number of violent altercations between Palestinian civilians and Israeli civilians over agricultural property rights (field boundaries, grazing rights). In one case a Palestinian was killed and the Israeli killer was arrested by the Israeli police.

Yemen:

The Houthis have continued to launch missiles and long-range explosive drones towards Israel. A number were shot down by Israeli air defenses, including an F-35 fighter jet and the Israeli Arrow anti-missile system.[2]

On 2 November the Houthis declared that they had fired a large number of explosive drones that hit targets in Israel, but no such drones actually reached Israel or were reported intercepted by any other party along the way (Saudi Arabia, the US Navy and Egypt).

Dagestan:

In Dagestan, a Muslim province of Russia, a passenger aircraft from Israel landed en route to central Russia. A large group of locals broke into the airport and attempted to hunt down and lynch the “Jewish” passengers in retaliation for the war in Gaza. The Russian police managed to find and protect the Israelis and evacuate them from the airport without harm, but it took a few hours to retake control of the airport.

Israeli Casualties:

There are still a number of people unaccounted for, but it appears that all or virtually all the bodies of Israelis killed in the initial attack inside Israel have been found. There are still a few hundred bodies that have not been definitely identified because they are so badly damaged (in some cases there are also problems of DNA identification). Also, some of the missing have been confirmed to be among the kidnapped Israelis in Gaza.

The current count of Israelis killed is more than 1,400 (of whom approximately 400 are soldiers and police) with more than 5,500 wounded. This includes the Israelis killed or wounded in the fighting that followed the initial Hamas attack, but virtually all were killed or wounded on the first day. Also, the current count of hostages confirmed kidnapped to Gaza is now 242. How many of them are still alive is not yet known. Another four were released as part of the discussions on allowing humanitarian aid into Gaza from Egypt. One was found and rescued by Israeli forces.

195,000 Israelis (an increase of 70,000 since last week) have been forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon.

Palestinian Casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that nearly 9,100 Gazans have been killed so far and approximately 32,000 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians.

The reported number of killed has gone up by a few hundred every day, but the reported number of wounded has jumped by 10,000 from 22,000 on 1 November to 32,000 on 2 November. No explanation has been offered for this jump.

The latest report on displaced Palestinians gives the number at approximately 1 million. This includes the vast majority of the population in northern Gaza which the IDF told to leave and head south (though video and photographs from Gaza City show that a large civilian presence remains). It might include some areas of southern Gaza where Hamas has major installations that are being attacked from the air by the IDF.

WHAT NEXT?

The IDF has completely surrounded the city of Gaza and cleared most of the territory around it. There is still some traffic from Gaza going south and it seems the Israelis are allowing more civilians to leave the city. IDF units have begun to enter the edges of the city itself.

It appears that the IDF intends to comb the city itself, street by street, house by house, and tunnel entrance by tunnel entrance in order to find, kill or capture Hamas personnel. If that is indeed the plan, this will be a long, arduous process and casualties on both sides will definitely increase greatly.

Meanwhile, everyone is looking north to see what Hezbollah, Iran and the other Iranian proxy organizations will do. Will they maintain the current level of fighting more or less, or will they escalate? The probability of their deescalating seems small. The casualties suffered by Hezbollah appear to have surprised it, and it is looking for new ways to operate to reduce them without “letting Israel off the hook”. It is probably banking on Israel not wanting to conduct a two-front war while threatening massive retaliation if Hezbollah does in fact escalate. This is essentially a deadly game of Chicken.[3]

It appears that Hamas is still hoping to incite a major escalation in Judea and Samaria (the West Bank), but so far this does not seem to be working.

The majority of the Arab states are making public declarations in favor of the Palestinians but in fact are doing nothing to very little (depending on the state) to help them. Even humanitarian aid from the Arab states has been minimal. The public demonstrations in favor of the Palestinians in the Arab states are generally fewer and smaller than those in Europe and America.

[1] This system is like a miniature ‘Iron Dome’ for protecting individual vehicles from rockets and missiles.

[2] Similar to the Iron Dome but designed to counter long-range high-altitude (including exo-atmospheric) missiles.

[3] A ‘game’ in which two car drivers drive towards each other at high speed and the one to swerve first loses. If neither swerves, they crash head-on in what is probably a fatal collision for both.

***

October 19-28, 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

In regard to military activities, the past ten days can be roughly divided into three chapters.

During the first six days, the IDF collected its ground troops around Gaza and conducted refresher training for them while the air force conducted an intense offensive against all known terrorist targets in Gaza, above ground and below ground. Each day a few hundred targets were bombed totaling more than 6,500 over the past three weeks (200-400 targets per day).

Above-ground targets include apartments in civilian buildings that were reserved for military use by the various military organizations in Gaza. Underground targets are the warren of tunnels dug by Hamas for storage, travel, command posts and fighting positions. The IDF is also seeking and killing the command chain of the Hamas forces – both senior (for example, the deputy head of the Hamas intelligence organization) and mid-level (for example, battalion commanders and their deputies).

Many of the entrances to these tunnels are underneath the hospitals of Gaza. Hamas placed them there deliberately, knowing the IDF would not directly attack a hospital. The IDF Spokesperson released an aerial photo of Shifa Hospital on which is marked the locations of Hamas underground sites beneath the various buildings. During Operation Protective Edge in 2014, the main command post for senior Hamas leadership was located here.

Then for three nights (25-27 October), IDF ground forces began conducting combined infantry, tank and combat-engineer raids into Gaza. These had two separate missions: to prepare the way for the coming ground offensive (i.e., scour the terrain for enemy explosive devices and combat positions, hit Hamas positions near the border causing them casualties, gain experience, and weaken enemy morale); and to collect the bodies of Israelis who were killed and dumped in the fields beyond the border.

These raids have faced only weak resistance causing very few Israeli casualties. Hamas et al are probably concentrating their forces inside the urban terrain a couple of kilometers beyond the border and waiting for the main offensive.

The Gazans are continuing their rocket salvoes into Israel all the way to Tel Aviv. On the morning of October 27, for example, there were three salvos at the greater Tel Aviv area and three Israelis were wounded by a rocket that penetrated the Iron Dome defense system. The total number of rockets fired from Gaza over the past three weeks is more than 7,500. Of these, about 10% fell inside Gaza (like the rocket that hit the hospital and that was falsely attributed by Hamas to Israel).

During the night of October 27-28, a new chapter began, the details of which are not yet clear at time of writing. An Israeli government spokesperson hinted that this was a new stage in the war. A much larger force of the IDF than was used on previous nights entered Gaza and the Gazans reported much heavier aerial and artillery fire supporting this incursion. Also, it appears that unlike previous ground actions, the IDF force did not withdraw before morning but instead is still several kilometers inside Gaza.

Lebanon:

On the Lebanese border, after evacuating Israeli civilians living within five kilometers of the border (28 villages and towns), the IDF transitioned from merely responding to Hezbollah attacks to actively hunting the Hezbollah anti-tank missile launcher teams conducting them using manned aircraft, armed drones, tanks and artillery. The latest report (from Hezbollah) states that as of midday on October 27, 46 Hezbollah personnel had been killed since the beginning of the war. The number of wounded is not known.

Palestinian groups in Lebanon have tried to add their fire to the attacks on Israel. Seven of their members have been killed in the exchanges.

There have been reports of an internal battle in a Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon between supporters of Hamas and supporters of Fatah. According to the reports, the rivals used not only rifles but also machine guns and mortars and very likely (though not mentioned specifically) RPG rockets against each other.

Syria:

On the Syrian border there have been only a few incidents so far. Rocket launches and so on have been responded to with various means, including tank fire and artillery and air strikes.

Air strikes have also been conducted on Syrian airports through which Iran is supplying equipment to Hezbollah and other proxy forces.

There have been reports that Iran is preparing to reinforce its proxy forces in Syria (Afghans, Pakistanis, Iraqis) with more proxy forces from Iraq.

American forces stationed in eastern Syria and Iraq as part of anti-ISIS operations have been attacked with explosive drones by Iranian proxy militias. Twenty-four American servicepeople have been wounded.

Judea and Samaria:

In Judea and Samaria too, Palestinian attacks on Israelis have escalated somewhat. However, despite calls from the Hamas leadership to commit attacks (calls that have become especially desperate over the past 24 hours), they have not surged. Israeli security forces have responded with ‘police’ raids to arrest terrorists. So far, almost 1,030 have been arrested and approximately 105 have been killed either attempting to attack Israelis or resisting arrest with firearms.

Yemen:

The Iran-backed Houthis have fired a number of missiles and long-range explosive drones towards Israel. Some were intercepted by a United States destroyer and one by Saudi air defense (Saudi Arabia has been the target of hundreds of such missiles and drones over the past few years, ever since it intervened in the Yemenite civil war). A few have fallen inside Egypt, including one on a tourist resort that wounded a number of people.

So far it seems that none of the Houthi strikes have reached Israeli territory.

Inside Israel:

The majority of the Israeli Arab public has either condemned Hamas or is remaining silent. Some, however, have published their support for Hamas on their social media pages. On the basis of what they posted, 27 (so far) have been arrested for inciting terrorism and face court charges. Others have been fired from their jobs.

Israeli Casualties:

There are still some Israelis who remain unaccounted for, but it appears that all or nearly all the bodies of Israelis killed in the initial attack inside Israel have been found. The focus has shifted to identifying them. This is not easy because of the state of many of the bodies – some were hacked to pieces or burnt completely (not a few Israelis were set on fire by Hamas terrorists while still alive), etc. There are still a few hundred bodies that have not been definitely identified because they are so badly damaged, in some cases to the point that they are beyond DNA tests.

The current count of Israelis killed is more than 1,400 (of whom approximately 400 were soldiers and police officers) with approximately more than 5,500 wounded. This includes Israelis who were killed or wounded in the fighting over the past days, but almost all were killed or wounded on the first day. Also, the current count of hostages confirmed kidnapped to Gaza is 229. Four have been released as part of the discussions on allowing humanitarian aid into Gaza from Egypt.

125,000 Israelis have been forced to leave their homes in 64 villages and towns along the borders with Gaza and Lebanon.

Palestinian Casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as the government of Gaza, claims that nearly 7,500 Gazans have been killed so far and approximately 18,500 wounded. They do not differentiate between Hamas personnel and other terrorist organizations and civilians. To this should be added the many Hamas members killed inside Israel in the first few days of fighting.

WHAT NEXT?

The event everyone is waiting for is the Israeli ground offensive into Gaza. Given that Israel has called on the civilian population of Gaza to evacuate the northern area of the Gaza Strip (and about 600,000 – up 100,000 from my last report – or about half the population have done so), it is probably safe to assume that the IDF will concentrate its ground offensive in the northern half.

It will not be an easy battle. Hamas and the other groups can muster at least 40,000 fighters in total (some sources claim up to 50,000), though it is not clear how many are in the northern half of Gaza. They are very well armed, as the videos, photographs and equipment captured from the terrorist forces that crossed the border into Israel show. How many of them are deployed in the northern Gaza Strip is not known in public information sources.

The fighting will take place in the densest urban terrain in the world, making it one of the most difficult objectives an attacking force can face. In addition, Hamas has prepared a huge warren of underground tunnels, storerooms, command posts, fighting positions, etc. In May 2021 the IDF destroyed a portion of this warren, but its complete extent is not known – only that there remains much more than was destroyed. To destroy these tunnels from the air, their exact locations must be acquired or the bombs will drop at random and do very little damage. Destroying them with ground forces, as was done in the summer 2014 war, requires the ground forces to locate the tunnels’ well-camouflaged entrances and then transport large amounts of explosives into them along a significant portion of the tunnels’ lengths (if the portion demolished is too short, the enemy can quickly dig a bypass). This means that even if Israel employs overwhelming power above ground, with virtually no restrictions because civilians are not there to be hurt (though some probably will be, either because Hamas is trying to convince or compel them to stay or because some people always stay behind in a war zone for whatever reason), Hamas can hide underground and conduct a deadly game of hide-and-seek with Israeli forces for a long time. Given the size of Hamas’s forces and the density of the urban terrain, forcing them to hide in the tunnels will not be an easy task in the first place.

Another issue is that many of them might exfiltrate from northern Gaza to southern Gaza together with the civilian population. Indeed, it is very likely that most of the leadership has done so already or will do so once the ground offensive begins. Given that Israel does not want to harm the Gazan civilian population, what is it to do after it takes and clears northern Gaza? Head south into the dense concentration of civilians created by having moved the population of the north to the south?

That is not an attractive prospect, but withdrawing without having killed or captured most of Hamas will definitely not provide Israel with the political and security solution it needs.

Note that all the above applies if the war is restricted to Gaza. If Hezbollah decides to intervene, the entire debate will change completely. Hezbollah is a much more powerful force than Hamas, it has almost free access to reinforcements and a supply of armaments from Iran, and the size of the terrain it operates on is several times bigger than Gaza and just as complex (mountainous with many built-up areas, though less dense than Gaza). Add the Syrian front, with Iran sending proxy forces through Syria to attack Israel, and the complexity increases even further.

Given the above military complexities and uncertainties, any question of Israel planning what happens after the war is over is totally unrealistic.

There is also growing diplomatic pressure on Israel to stop the war (see the statements by the Spanish government, for example), which adds another layer of complexity.

WHY THE DELAY IN THE IDF’S PROMISED GROUND OFFENSIVE?

A number of reasons have been offered publicly by people with access to the decision-makers.

First and foremost, all the reasons Israel has never tried to do this before are still relevant:

1. The duration of such an operation is expected to be months of intensive warfare.
2. The expected cost in Israeli casualties.
3. The expected cost in Palestinian civilian casualties.
4. The low probability that Hamas can indeed be eradicated, since the majority of the population supports it. One of the accepted fictions since 2007 is that Hamas “conquered” Gaza and ousted the Palestinian Authority. In fact, in the January 2006 elections Hamas won the majority of seats in the Palestinian Authority parliament and is the legal and legitimate government. Fatah, the incumbent party, refused to “hand over the keys”. This led to 18 months of skirmishes between the armed forces of the two movements culminating in the summer of 2007, when Hamas won Gaza and Fatah won Judea and Samaria (the West Bank). Ever since, President Abbas, the head of Fatah, has refused to conduct parliamentary elections because the polls show that Hamas’s majority in parliament would grow bigger.
5. The inability to ensure who will follow Hamas.
6. International, especially American, resistance to the idea.

Of all these constraints, only the last one has been partially reduced because of the scale of the massacre perpetrated by Hamas on October 7. Israel’s leadership must ask: will the current level of American support for a full-scale Israeli action be maintained once the fighting continues into months and the number of Palestinian civilian casualties increases? Behind all the statements of support there is “small print” suggesting the answer might be no. Starting such an operation and stopping mid-stride might be worse for Israel than not starting it at all. Hamas would definitely play such a halt as a victory for its supporters.

Added to the above are immediate concerns. To garner as much support as is necessary, Israel must take into consideration the wishes of its only real ally, the United States. The interests of the United States go beyond what is happening in Israel and Gaza and it must be prepared to pay a price for its support for Israel. American forces have already been fired upon in connection to the current events. The United States wants time to prepare its own actions if necessary.

Another issue is that despite President Biden’s stating that the United States can support both Israel and Ukraine simultaneously, the fact is that all of NATO together are finding it difficult to supply Ukraine with all it needs. Adding another recipient to the list will not be easy. Already it has been reported that 60,000 155 millimeter artillery shells meant for Ukraine were sent instead to Israel.

Inside Israel the public must be prepared to face a long, drawn-out, bloody operation. This will not be a quick victory.

As mentioned in one of my previous summaries, over the past two decades the IDF adopted a doctrine and built its forces around it – a doctrine that saw future wars as being conducted by precise targeting intelligence for the air force and special forces to strike. It reduced its general ground forces in terms of numbers, equipment and training, focusing them mostly on counter-guerrilla and counter-terrorist operations. It achieved very good results with that. But in the meantime, Hamas and Hezbollah have gone the other way and created large fighting forces that are equipped and trained for regular warfare. The IDF has spent the past two weeks hurriedly retraining its troops.

Then there is the issue of Hezbollah and Iran. Will they stay out of the war or join in once the IDF is invested deep inside Gaza? Given the size of Hezbollah, its joining the war would more than double the enemy forces in action, and Hezbollah troops are generally better trained and better equipped than those of Hamas. Adding Iranian proxy forces stationed in Syria, as well as their reinforcements in the form of Iranian proxy forces stationed in Iraq, could more than treble the size of the total force facing the IDF on three separate fronts.

And last are the approximately 225 hostages trapped in Gaza. Initiating the offensive would more than likely seal their fate. Israel, and other states whose citizens are among the kidnapped, would prefer to release them all before initiating the offensive. Hamas knows this, of course, and can play the hostage card, dragging out negotiations over their release until gradually the situation becomes “old news” and Israel is pressed to desist altogether from doing what needs to be done.

All these questions need answers the political leadership can accept as creating an acceptable level of risk before deciding to initiate the offensive.

As noted, there are very good reasons why Israel has never before attempted to eradicate Hamas. The extra reasons only add weight to that argument. However, the strategic situation created by the successful Hamas attack on October 7 is such that there is no way out for Israel except for, if not totally eradicating Hamas, then at least reducing it to a shadow of what it was. Otherwise, the whole concept of deterrence on which Israel’s security is dependent will fade away and we can expect many more attacks on Israel in the future. Not to mention the problem of convincing Israeli citizens to return to live near the borders, or perhaps anywhere in Israel. There is no good solution. Finding the least bad solution is what the Israeli political and military leadership have been trying to do.

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***

October 15-18, 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

Though fighting continues, the intensity as a whole is less than it was in the first two or three days as all sides prepare for the next phase: the likely Israeli ground offensive into Gaza.

President Biden’s Visit:

Meanwhile, some political events have occurred – most notably visits by US Secretary of State Antony Blinken, who came to Israel and a number of Arab states, and President Joe Biden, who came to Israel soon thereafter. The president was supposed to continue on to Jordan to meet with King Abdullah, Egyptian President Sisi, and Palestinian President Abbas, but that meeting was cancelled. The excuse was an explosion that caused heavy casualties at a hospital in Gaza which the Arab parties blamed on Israel. In fact, the hospital was hit by a failed Palestinian rocket launch.

The essence of Biden’s visit to Israel was to emphasize the United States’ support. However, some of his statements hint at limitations he might impose in the future, including a warning against a return of Israeli occupation and a demand that Israel provide him with a plan for after the war. The Israeli government’s response was that this is going to be a long war and we are not yet making plans for what will happen afterwards. First it must be fought and won. The goal is clear: destroying the Hamas organization (though exactly what that means has yet to be worked out). We do not yet know if Hezbollah and Iran will join in. There are simply too many variables at this stage.

Furthermore, it is beyond Israel’s ability to determine for the Palestinians who their leadership will be. The United States and its allies had a plan for what would happen after they evicted the Taliban from Afghanistan and destroyed the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq. They are much more powerful and rich than Israel, spent approximately a decade in Iraq and two decades in Afghanistan, and failed in their objectives. We are aiming for a more modest goal, one that is difficult enough to achieve. We have no ability to do more than that.

Gaza:

Having completed the clearing of Israeli territory of Hamas terrorists (though there are hints that a few teams are still hiding inside Israel), the IDF has spent the four days covered in this update bombing Hamas installations (approximately 5,000 targets attacked in Gaza) and personnel and preparing for a ground offensive into the Strip. The population of 26 villages and towns within a zone around Gaza has been evacuated. Hamas and the other terrorist organizations have continued to fire rockets and mortar bombs into Israel but the rate of fire has gone down considerably. The latest count is almost 7,000.

Lebanon:

Meanwhile, on the Lebanese border, Hezbollah has slightly escalated its daily strikes into Israel, firing guided anti-tank missiles, mortars and small-arms fire. The IDF is returning fire but not escalating its response. To prevent civilian casualties, Israel has evacuated 28 villages and towns within approximately five kilometers from Lebanon. The IDF has deployed a strong proportion of its available forces in defensive positions along the Lebanese border.

Syria:

On the Syrian border, the IDF has significantly reinforced its forces, but so far there has been no noticeable escalation. In fact, according to a Syrian opposition organization based in London, Assad has ordered his army to ensure that they do not provoke Israel by firing into it. According to that organization, the order was issued after Assad was warned by the leader of an unnamed Arab state that any provocation at this time would bring a powerful Israeli retaliation. Israel has been conducting a bombing campaign against the Iranian and Hezbollah presence in Syria for several years. In the cases when the Syrian regime’s army intervened, it suffered severe casualties via Israeli retaliations.

Judea and Samaria:

In Judea and Samaria too, Palestinian attacks on Israelis have escalated somewhat. However, despite calls from the Hamas leadership to unleash violence on Israelis, these attacks have not surged. Israeli security forces have responded with police raids to arrest terrorists. So far almost 450 have been arrested and approximately 55 have been killed either attempting to attack Israelis or resisting arrest with firearms.

Inside Israel:

Inside Israel a few dozen private Arab individuals (including a professor of brain research at the Technion Institute, a schoolteacher at a Jewish school, and a medical doctor) have expressed support for Hamas’s actions. Some Israeli Arabs have been arrested for incitement on the basis of the content of their social media posts. Others have been fired with complaints lodged with the police. Arab politicians have shied away from endorsing Hamas’s actions but have not decried them either, though they have been vociferous in criticizing Israel’s response. One of them, a member of Israel’s Knesset, compared it to the actions of Nazi Germany against the Jews.

Conversely, some Israeli Arabs have condemned Hamas’s actions clearly and loudly. One popular blogger who had always identified himself as a Palestinian with Israeli citizenship publicly reversed his identity as Israeli first and condemned Hamas for its barbarity. The tribes of the murdered Bedouins, most of whom were bus drivers at the nature party but a few of whom were killed by rocket attacks on their villages, have come out clearly against Hamas. Apparently, Hamas had specifically ordered its terrorists to kill Arabs as well as Jews in Israel.

The Bedouin are not required to serve in the IDF. However, among the tribes of northern Israel, it is quite common for Bedouins to volunteer for the IDF and the police. Among the southern tribes this is less common. They tend to be more confrontational with the state through land ownership disputes (the northern tribes are more sedentary, whereas the southern tribes tend to try to appropriate new land) and a thriving smuggling economy based mostly on drugs. They also tend to be more religious, often in radical versions. Of course, “tend” does not mean everyone. Many might not get along with the state but are not inclined towards open rebellion either. It is more a criminal than a political issue. This event might create a shift in their political views, though that remains to be seen.

The Arab and Muslim World:

Across the Arab and Muslim world responses have been varied – from praise for Hamas and condemnation of Israel’s response, to only condemnation of Israel without mentioning Hamas’s actions positively or negatively, to negative responses to Hamas. Some of those last view Hamas’s actions as barbaric, while others seem more concerned that those actions have brought more suffering upon the Gazan population without condemning them in principle. These individuals especially condemn Hamas’s leaders for living in fancy hotels with their families at the expense of the Palestinian people and failing to send either themselves or their children to participate in the unfolding tragedy in Gaza.

Israeli Casualties:

Meanwhile, search teams are still combing the land through which the terrorist attack swept and finding more bodies, though the number found per day has gone down (today they found the burned bodies of a mother and her child(. The current count of Israelis killed is more than 1,400 with more than 4,230 wounded. This includes a number of Israelis killed or wounded in the fighting over the past few days, but virtually all were killed or wounded on the first day. The current count of hostages confirmed kidnapped to Gaza is 199.

Palestinian Casualties:

The Gaza Health Ministry, which is controlled by Hamas in its role as government of Gaza, claims that so far nearly 3,500 Gazans have been killed and approximately 12,000 wounded. They do not differentiate between personnel of Hamas and other terrorist organizations and civilians.

The incident at the hospital has been hashed out in the media. As usual, Israel was immediately blamed for the incident, with many European and American leading media accepting without reservation the Palestinian claim and instantly spreading it all over the world. But after collecting evidence, including radar traces of rocket trajectories, a video from a camera belonging to Al-Jazeera, an audio of Palestinian Islamic Jihad personnel explicitly stating that their rocket launch had failed and had hit the hospital, etc., Israel proved that in fact it was a rocket fired by Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the second-largest terrorist organization in Gaza, that hit the hospital. Past experience has shown that hundreds of the rockets fired from Gaza fail to cross the border and land inside Gaza, often killing or wounding locals.

WHAT NEXT?

The event everyone is waiting for is the Israeli ground offensive into Gaza. Given that Israel has called on the civilian population of Gaza to evacuate all the northern area of the Gaza Strip (and that about 500,000 – roughly half the population – have already done so), it is probably safe to assume that the IDF will concentrate its ground offensive in the northern half.

It will not be an easy battle. Hamas and the other groups can muster at least 40,000 fighters in total. They are very well armed, as the videos, photographs and equipment captured from the forces that crossed the border into Israel show.

The fighting will occur in one of the densest urban areas in the world, making it one of the most difficult objectives for an attacking force. In addition, Hamas has prepared a huge warren of underground tunnels, storerooms, command posts, fighting positions, etc. In May 2021, the IDF destroyed a portion of this warren, but its complete extent is not known – only that there is much more than was destroyed.

To destroy these tunnels from the air, their exact traces must be acquired; otherwise, bombs would be dropped randomly and do very little damage. Destroying the tunnels with ground forces, as was done in the summer 2014 war, requires the ground force to locate well-camouflaged entrances and then transport large amounts of explosives into the tunnels along a significant portion of them (if the portion demolished is too short, Hamas can quickly dig a bypass). This means that even if we employ overwhelming power above ground, with virtually no restrictions because the civilians are not there to be hurt (though some probably will be, either because Hamas is trying to convince or compel them to stay or because some people always stay for whatever reason), Hamas terrorists can hide underground and conduct a deadly game of hide-and-seek with our forces for a long time. Given the size of their forces and the density of the urban terrain, forcing them to hide in the tunnels will not be an easy task in the first place.

Another issue is that many of them might exfiltrate from northern Gaza to southern Gaza with the rest of the population. It is very likely that most of the leadership has done so already, or will do so once the ground offensive begins. Given that we do not want to harm that population, even after we take and clear northern Gaza, what do we do then? Head south into the dense concentration of civilians created by earlier moving the population of the north to the south?

Conversely, withdrawing without killing or capturing most of Hamas will definitely not provide the political and security solution we need.

All the above applies if the war is restricted to Gaza. If Hezbollah decides to intervene, the entire debate changes completely. Hezbollah is a much more powerful force than Hamas. It has almost free access to reinforcements and a supply of armaments from Iran, and the size of the terrain on which it operates is several times bigger and just as complex as Gaza (mountainous with many built-up areas, though it is less dense).

Given the above military complexities and uncertainties, Biden’s request that Israel provide a complete end-state scenario is totally unrealistic.

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October 12-14, 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

By the evening of October 10, 2023, after four days of fierce fighting, the IDF had regained control of the entire area captured by Hamas on the first day except for small stay-behind teams that were attempting to hide until the sweeps through the area passed them by so they could try to conduct ambushes or attacks at a later date. While part of the IDF force was completing the reclosure of the border throughout these four days, the rest was fighting remnants of Hamas forces still in Israeli territory. October 11 was spent combing through the area again and again to find the stay-behind teams and to search for Israelis, either dead or still in hiding. From October 12 the fighting inside Israeli territory gradually came to an end, though Hamas and other Palestinian groups still conducted attacks as they attempted to cross the border.

More and more IDF units transitioned from combing the area and defending the border to reorganizing, replenishing, and beginning to train for the next mission: a ground offensive into Gaza. About 1,550 terrorists were killed inside Israel and approximately 250 were captured. So, counting those terrorists who managed to retreat back to Gaza, the entire attack included approximately 3,000 terrorists. Of these, 1,000 participated in the initial attack with the others joining in two waves of reinforcement. The second wave was preplanned and the third was improvised, apparently decided upon only after the success of the first wave. The third wave included terrorists from Palestinian Islamic Jihad who had not originally planned to participate. It also included members of the general Gazan population who were given money and told to run into Israel and do any damage they could.

By the evening of October 14, the total number of Israelis confirmed killed since the beginning of the war, which started early in the morning of October 7, was more than 1,300, and approximately 3,500 had been wounded. Among the dead are approximately 40 Israeli Bedouin Arabs. The vast majority of the casualties are the civilians murdered on the first day. So far, the IDF has published the names of 265 soldiers killed (most on the first day). These include 63 officers (nearly a quarter of those killed), including four battalion commanders and three brigade commanders – vivid proof that IDF officers lead from the front. The Israeli police have published 34 names that also include commanding officers.

At least 120 hostages were taken by the terrorists into Gaza. Israeli cross-border raids into Gaza have located a number of bodies of Israelis who had been kidnapped and then killed after being forced across the fence.

By noon of October 12, Hamas and the other groups had fired approximately 5,750 rockets, perhaps more, at cities, towns and villages across the southern half of Israel. In the following two days, hundreds more were fired, but the numbers have not yet been published. On October 13, three rockets or explosive drones were fired at the northern city of Haifa some 150 kilometers from Gaza and another was intercepted over the Arab town of Shfar’am.

The Israeli air force has been given the mission of destroying every single known Hamas or other militia group’s site and has conducted the most massive bombing of Gaza ever. After warning the population to move out of the areas to be targeted and allowing time for them to do so, the bombing began, and by the evening of October 14 some 4,000 targets had been struck. Photographs of the damage to the relevant areas have been published. Hamas and the other groups are deliberately ensconced and enmeshed within the civilian population to prevent the IDF from attacking them and to provide graphic photographs of killed civilians if it does. The IDF has consistently “played the game” by providing warnings of its impending attacks to enable civilians to move out, which of course also provides early warning to Hamas to move its personnel out as well or compel civilians to stay. (In some cases in the past they have actually brought in more civilians to be used as human shields to prevent an air strike.)

In the past, the warnings were often focused on particular buildings or groups of buildings. The IDF developed a method to destroy just a target building with minimal damage to adjacent buildings, which might suffer light damage but remain standing and livable. This time, entire areas are being told to evacuate. More than 423,000 Gazans have evacuated the designated areas.

On October 13, the IDF ordered the entire population of northern Gaza to move to southern Gaza. The UN claims that that amounts to 1.1 million people (including the 423,000 mentioned above) and has demanded that Israel rescind the order, as has the World Health Organization, because such a move risks the well-being of these people. Apparently staying in a combat zone is deemed less dangerous? Or do the UN and WHO support Hamas in its use of the Gazan population as human shields to prevent Israel from carrying out its threat to destroy the organization?

The Gaza Ministry of Health claims that by the evening of October 13, approximately 1,800 Gazans had been killed by Israeli air strikes and 7,270 wounded. As usual they claim the majority are civilians, but deep analysis during previous confrontations has shown that this is usually untrue. It will take time to conduct a serious analysis of the present list of killed published by the Gazan organizations.

Israel has shut down its supply of electricity and water to Gaza. It had already shut all traffic into and out of Gaza, so the supply of fuel has stopped. Gaza has its own electricity plant and water sources, but they are not enough for the population’s needs. Gaza depends on Israel to augment that insufficient capacity with Israeli-generated electricity and water.

After completing the mobilization of 300,000 reserve personnel in two days, the IDF mobilized another 60,000 (including the author of this summary).

OTHER EVENTS

The border with Lebanon has become active, though much less than Gaza. There have been several cross-border raids and firing has been directed at Israel with weapons of various sizes and types, from small arms to mortars, anti-tank missiles, and rockets. The IDF has responded with artillery and air strikes. So far five Israeli soldiers have been killed and a few wounded. Hezbollah has admitted to the deaths of only three of its personnel. Some of the attacks were by Hamas or Palestinian Islamic Jihad personnel located in Lebanon. Several of these were also killed, but the number has not been published.

Residents of some of the especially exposed Israeli villages along the Lebanese border have been evacuated further south.

There has been an increase in sporadic Palestinian attacks throughout Judea and Samaria. Israel has responded by stepping up its counter-terrorist operations. Thirty-two terrorists have been killed and approximately 280 have been arrested while attacking Israelis or in IDF raids on their homes or hideouts based on intelligence. Of these, 160 are Hamas and the others are from other groups. Only a few Israelis in this area have been wounded so far.

THE INITIAL HAMAS ATTACK

A few more tactical details have emerged.

According to the amount of supplies they brought with them, the Hamas terrorists were not planning a raid, but a conquest. They intended to stay and hold the ground they had captured. This part of their plan failed. I can only assume that since the Hamas leadership are well aware of the overall ratio of forces, they did not expect their force to hold the ground indefinitely, but apparently they did intend to hold it longer than they succeeded in doing in order to kill more Israeli soldiers as they attempted to retake the ground and, of course, to gain more propaganda points against Israel.

In my last summary I described one of the small battles of the Israeli units deployed along and near the border. The following is a description of one Israeli unit that responded to the Hamas attack as told by some of the officers of the unit, one of whom is a university student of mine. It was a regular army infantry unit that was spending the holiday weekend at home:

On Saturday morning, at about 06:30, the rocket-attack warning siren woke me. I live about 40 kilometers from Gaza and I understood very quickly that something out of the ordinary is happening there, so I immediately switched on my phone. My battalion commander phoned me and said to come to the base. We [the commanders] had cars so it was easier for us – the challenge was to bring the men to base because there is no public transportation on the Sabbath.

The unit called its personnel to go directly from their homes to an assembly point near the battlefield. Israeli combat troops take their personal weapons with them when going on leave, so they did not have to go to their base, though the rest of their gear had to be brought to them at the assembly point.

Once we saw the video clip from Sderot of the Hamas terrorists and their vehicles on the street, we realized that we were in a completely different situation. The battalion commander told us that hundreds of terrorists had crossed the border and to bring everyone to the field, no matter how. The men just got into anything they could to get to the battle. One took his brother’s car, another his father’s or the neighbor’s. No one thought where we would put the cars once we got there, everybody just drove and did anything we could to get there as fast as possible.

The first group to arrive organized quickly and entered Kibbutz Nahal Oz, the others joining gradually. The situation was not clear. They saw bodies of police, soldiers and civilians in the streets and when they began entering the houses they found more. In some houses the family was being held hostage by terrorist teams. About 100 terrorists had entered the village and begun going from house to house to kill residents and prepare a defense to hold it. More terrorists came later to reinforce them.

The moment we entered the kibbutz we heard a crazy amount of shooting. Suddenly I saw them. They were dressed in black with enormous amounts of weaponry. They were running between the houses of the village.

The battle lasted a few hours and by the end of it the last terrorist had been killed or had fled. Then the Israeli troops began to evacuate the surviving civilians hiding in locked bomb-shelters – some of whom did not believe they [the soldiers] were not terrorists trying to coax them out by pretending to be Israelis, as that had happened too.

Note: many of the terrorists who crossed the border were wearing uniforms deliberately patterned on those of the IDF or similar. There is also evidence of the involvement of ISIS members in the attack; these may be have been the terrorists wearing black.

 WHAT NEXT?

I am not privy to the decisions by the rival leaders so the answer to this question must be regarded as conjecture.

The Israeli government has stated that IDF ground forces will enter Gaza to clear it and destroy Hamas.

So far, the IDF has focused on an aerial bombing campaign inside Gaza. On October 13, a few small raids were conducted with tanks, armored personnel carriers (APCs), and infantry. The exact methods and timetable of the declared ground offensive have not been divulged and the goal is very ambitious, so it could take weeks or months of fighting to achieve.

It will be hard and bloody for both sides. The terrain is mostly dense urban conglomerations surrounded by farmland. Hamas has fortified the urban terrain considerably. While some of those fortifications are being systematically destroyed by Israeli air strikes, some are not, and the fortifications are being replaced by piles of rubble interspersed between three- to five-story buildings built extremely close together. Many of the tunnel complexes that together created the huge underground warren beneath the cities will still be available to the Gazan fighters even after the bombing, as only a precise hit can destroy them and achieving such a hit requires a very detailed and accurate map of the system. The IDF does have such maps of some areas in Gaza (they have targeted tunnels successfully in the past), but apparently not all of it.

These tunnels will enable the Gazan combatants to survive and to concentrate troops at chosen locations without exposing them until they come out to fight. This gives them the potential to surprise many Israeli units combing the buildings, rubble and streets. The Israelis will have to conduct their operations very slowly and methodically and use a lot of explosive shells – one reason they are determined to move the Palestinian population away from the future battlefield. This suggests the IDF’s first objective is to conquer and clear the northern half of the Gaza Strip.

The questions I raised in my first interim summary have not yet been answered and will not be for some time:

• Will Hezbollah and Iran join the fighting?
• How long will the West support Israel, especially since fighting in Gaza will inevitably inflict severe casualties and general suffering on the population at large?

At least in public, Hamas is not backing down. Its rocket units are still firing into Israel, its offensive ground units continue to launch attacks into Israel (though they are small and have failed to recross the border), and its defensive units are preparing for the expected Israeli ground offensive.

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 October 9-11, 2023

By the evening of October 10, after four days of fierce fighting, the IDF had regained control of the entire area captured by Hamas on the first day except for small stay-behind teams that were attempting to hide till the sweeps through the area passed them by in order to either conduct further ambushes or attacks at a later date. While part of the IDF force was completing the reclosure of the border throughout October 10, the rest was fighting remnants of Hamas forces still in Israeli territory. October 11 was spent combing through the area again and again to find the stay-behind teams and to search for Israelis, dead or still in hiding.

By the evening of October 11 the number of Israelis confirmed killed since the beginning of the war early on the morning of October 7 was approximately 1,200 with 3,000 wounded. The vast majority of the casualties were the civilians murdered on the first day. From the second day on there have been fewer Israeli casualties per day, but the IDF, police and other agencies are still finding bodies of civilians killed on the first day so the number is not yet final. The search operation is difficult because the Hamas terrorists planted bombs and mines in the villages they captured, along the roads leading to them, and in the fields around them. There are also at least 130 hostages who were taken into Gaza.

PHOTO OF HAMAS IEDS –

Different colored arrows denote different types, anti-armour or anti-personnel

By morning of October 11, Hamas and the other groups had fired approximately 5,000 rockets at cities, towns and villages across the southern half of Israel. More salvos were fired throughout the day but I have not yet seen a final number.

The Israeli air force has been given the mission of destroying every single known Hamas or other militia group’s site and has conducted the most massive bombing of Gaza ever. After warning the population to move out of the areas to be targeted and allowing time for them to do so, the bombing began, and by the evening of October 11, 2,687 targets had been struck. Photographs of the damage to the relevant areas have been published. Hamas and the other groups are deliberately ensconced and enmeshed in the civilian population to prevent the IDF from attacking them or to provide graphic photos of killed Gazan civilians if it does. The IDF has “played the game” by providing warnings of its impending attacks to enable the civilians to move out, which of course also provides early warning for Hamas to move its personnel out too or compel the civilians to stay (in some cases in the past they have actually brought more civilians in to serve as human shields to prevent the air strike).

This time, after the warnings were given, more than 187,000 Gazans evacuated the designated areas. However, the Gaza Ministry of Health claims that by noon on October 11 approximately 1,055 Gazans had been killed and 5,185 wounded. As usual, they claim the majority are civilians, but deep analysis during previous confrontations has shown that this is usually untrue.

This number apparently does not include the Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad personnel that crossed the border into Israel and were killed there. There have not been final numbers published on these, but it is clear that of the approximately 1,500 terrorists who crossed, many hundreds were killed and many others were captured. The captured wounded are in Israeli hospitals, were there have been complaints that placing them next to wounded survivors of the massacre is unacceptable.

Israel has informed Gaza that it will shut down its supply of electricity and water. It has already shut all traffic into and out of Gaza so the supply of fuel has stopped. Gaza has its own electricity plant and water sources but they are not enough for the population’s needs. Gaza depends on Israel to augment that insufficient capability with Israeli-generated electricity and water.

Meanwhile, skirmishes continue along the border. Hamas is still sending attack units into Israel, though these are being defeated.

The IDF mobilization of 300,000 has been completed. As with all such mass undertakings it did not go without a hitch, though relatively speaking some of the complaints aired in social media were exaggerated. On October 10, the government authorized the mobilization of 60,000 more. The mobilization is not only of Israelis living in Israel; a few thousand Israelis abroad are struggling to get back to enlist. Thus, for example, a couple of hundred Israelis in South America are trying to raise money to charter a plane to bring them home after the airlines on which they had tickets stopped flying to Israel.

The mobilization of reserves is not only for Gaza. Some units were deployed on the border with Lebanon in case Hezbollah decides to join the war. Others have been deployed on the border with Syria in case the Iranians and their proxies join the war on that front. The forces in Judea and Samaria have been reinforced considerably too.

Residents in some of the Israeli villages along the Lebanese border have been evacuated further south.

OTHER EVENTS

The border with Lebanon has become active though much less than Gaza. An infiltration by a terrorist team from Lebanon to Israel was intercepted, two members of which were killed with one managing to flee back to Lebanon. Unfortunately an IDF deputy brigade commander was also killed in that skirmish. There have been a number of cross-border fire-attacks of various sizes and types of weapons from small arms to mortars, anti-tank missiles, and rockets. The IDF has responded with artillery and air strikes.

There have been sporadic Palestinian attacks throughout Judea and Samaria with a few casualties on each side. Israel has responded by stepping up its counter-terrorist operations, focusing on Hamas personnel – dozens have been arrested and a few have been killed or wounded while resisting arrest or trying to attack the IDF patrols.

WHY NOW?

The answer to this question is not clear and the available information is conflicting. There is no clear evidence or any smoking gun at this point.

WHY THE HAMAS SUCCESS?

A few more tactical details have emerged.

Hamas attacked the Israeli surveillance system and communications system with explosive drones.

The initial attack was successful but not as one-sided as originally thought. The Hamas forces took heavy casualties fighting the vastly outnumbered Israeli troops along the border, but overwhelmed them. I sat with the father of one of the soldiers from the Golani infantry brigade who was killed fighting and listened to the description of one of these initial battles by a friend from his unit who was wounded and evacuated. They were one of a small group of soldiers in a slightly rear camp who heard shooting in the distance, grabbed their weapons and rushed to the nearby village, where they ran into a numerically superior force from Hamas entering the village from the other direction. They fought in the streets for a few hours until finally there were no longer any Israeli soldiers able to fight. The young soldier who told us this was 10 months in the army, as was the son of my friend who was killed a couple of hours after the wounded soldier was evacuated.

While the fighting was proceeding near the border, other Hamas units drove quickly in all-terrain pickup trucks between the embattled strongpoints and villages, heading for the next row of villages, camps and the nature party.

Judging from the amount of supplies they brought with them, they were not planning a raid, but a conquest. They intended to stay and hold the ground they had captured.

During the day IDF units from all over Israel were rushed to the area, with speed taking precedence over organization. These units rushed to counterattack the Hamas troops. Gradually more units arrived in a more organized fashion and began fighting to take back the villages and extricate the survivors.

The new information shows a very well-thought out plan, executed by surprise and exploiting that surprise by rushing into Israel at high speed (motorcycles and all-terrain pickup trucks) against a numerically greatly inferior defense force dispersed over a very wide front.

However, given that Hamas intended to hold on to the ground it had won in the first rush, not only massacre the population, this second portion of their plan failed. I can only assume that since the Hamas leadership are well aware of the overall ratio of forces they did not expect their force to hold the ground indefinitely, but apparently they did intend to hold it longer than they succeeded in doing.

WHAT NEXT?

I am not privy to the decisions by the rival leaders so the answer to this question must be regarded as conjecture.

The number of casualties inflicted on Israel in a single day is the worst in its history. This is definitely the most catastrophic event Israel has suffered. This success by Hamas cannot be tolerated. It requires that Israel inflict in return a much more massive defeat on Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. This is what Israel’s leaders, including the opposition, are saying. The size of the mobilization is unprecedented since 1973 (in absolute numbers the greatest mobilization ever, but Israel’s population in 1973 was only about one-third what it is today, so in relative terms the 1973 mobilization was bigger). Taking the statements and the mobilization into consideration it is clear that Israel intends to conduct an all-out offensive against Hamas. However, the exact methods and timetable have not been divulged.

The questions I raised in my previous paper have not been answered yet, and will not be for some time:

• Will Hezbollah and Iran join the fighting?
• How long will the West support Israel – especially since fighting in Gaza will inevitably inflict severe casualties and general suffering on the population at large?

At least publicly, Hamas is not backing-down. Its rocket units are still firing into Israel, its offensive ground units continue to launch attacks into Israel, and its defensive units are preparing for the expected Israeli ground offensive. On the first day of the war, Ismail Haniya, one Hamas’s leaders and a previous president of the Hamas Gaza government, was interviewed in Al-Jazeera in Arabic on “Operation Al-Aqsa Deluge”:

…he called the operation a “great triumph” and said that that the enemy had suffered a political, military, intelligence, security, and moral defeat. He stated that the operation had begun in Gaza and would spread to the West Bank, Jerusalem, Israel within the pre-1967 borders, and to the resistance and Palestinian people abroad. This, he said, was not only a Palestinian battle but that of the entire nation, and went on to call on the sons of the nation to join the battle. Stressing that “We are on the verge of victory,” he concluded: “Get out of our Jerusalem and our Al-Aqsa Mosque… This land is ours, Jerusalem is ours, everything is ours. … I say to the sons of our Palestinian people and Arab and Islamic nation: Today, you are on the verge of a great triumph and a manifest victory.

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October 7-9, 2023

WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

The Hamas offensive began shortly before 06:29 on October 7, 2023. By 10:00 IDF radars had detected approximately 2,200 rocket launches at dozens of Israeli cities, towns and villages between Gaza and the Tel-Aviv-Jerusalem-Beersheva line. During the day, Hamas and the other Palestinian militias fired many hundreds more; the exact number has not yet been reported.

The firing was conducted in salvos with multiple launchers in an attempt to penetrate the Iron Dome defense system. Many rockets landed in open areas, but even assuming a 95% success rate (the highest Iron Dome has ever achieved), that still means dozens of rockets that managed to hit inside Israeli cities, towns and villages. The number of fatalities and wounded is not very high relative to the size of the bombardment solely because of Iron Dome and the early-warning system that enabled most Israeli civilians to reach bomb shelters in time.

Simultaneously with the beginning of the rocket bombardment, Hamas troops began crossing the border into Israel at variety of locations. The majority had approached the border in tunnels, climbed out just before the underground wall built by Israel, and then, using explosives, broke through the above-ground obstacle of a steel-rod fence and advanced into Israel. Observation cameras monitoring the fence were shot up with small arms and RPG rockets. One group attacked and captured the civilian crossing into Israel at Erez where 20,000 Palestinian civilians cross daily into Israel to work and where hundreds of trucks transit with goods. A small group crossed the border using paragliders (parachutes with small propeller engines) and a final group attacked from the sea, landing on an Israeli beach. (Of this group only a few got through; most were intercepted by Israeli navy patrol boats and strike-drones).

All together, within the first couple of hours, more than 1,000 Hamas troops crossed the border into Israel in approximately 15 to 30 locations (different sources have provided different numbers) and then fanned out in groups to attack Israeli civilians and military positions. They entered two Israeli towns and 12 villages (at least), driving through the streets shooting at passersby and breaking into houses to kill the residents. In three locations they captured buildings and held the occupants as hostages. The biggest such case included 50 people of all ages at Kibbutz Be’eri who were herded into the communal dining room.

One group reached a large nature-party (like a rave party but held outdoors in nature) where approximately 3,000 young Israelis, mostly in their twenties, had gathered to dance. They attacked them with grenades and assault rifles, then chased the fleeing group, hunting down people who had sought to hide in the low brush. This is probably the location where the largest number of casualties was inflicted. The IDF and police units reaching this area have spent the past two days fighting off remaining teams of terrorists and collecting survivors and bodies.

One large and a few small IDF bases along the border were also attacked in the first rush, pinning down the outnumbered troops at those locations to fight for survival rather than assist the civilians who were simultaneously under attack.

The first responders in the civilian residential areas were local response teams of IDF reservists living in the villages (usually 10 to 20 people per village). They grabbed their weapons and ran out to face the attackers together with a few on-duty policemen in the towns. Here and there, Israelis with private weapons (pistols) also attempted to face the Hamas teams, who were armed with assault rifles.

The IDF units in the area were initially busy trying to fend off the surprise assault, so the first organized IDF response took a few hours as units located in other areas of Israel were rushed to the Gaza border. On arrival, they began trying to understand what was happening and determining how to allocate themselves to deal with the situation, including formulating a means of protecting villages not yet attacked in the initial strike. They began gradually counterattacking inside the villages captured by Hamas forces, combing the areas to find and kill the terrorists. Once a Hamas force was deemed destroyed, the IDF units evacuated Israeli residents who had locked themselves inside their homes during the onslaught. They also surrounded Hamas teams holding hostages.

The IDF units have been going through residential areas house by house, room by room, searching for terrorists to kill or capture and collecting Israeli survivors and bodies. The evacuated residents are being sent north to central Israel where they are being hosted by kibbutzim (communal villages), public facilities (converted schools), and private citizens who are donating rooms in their homes. Other units combed the areas between the villages to search for scattered civilians – especially from the nature-party – and other Hamas teams that might be hiding there waiting for an opportunity to strike when things seemed to calm down.

All the hostages held in Israeli territory have been rescued, but approximately 130 Israelis (the figure claimed by a Hamas spokesperson), including civilians both male and female, the elderly, young children, and soldiers were kidnapped and taken into Gaza. Hamas claims it has placed them in underground installations.

By the early afternoon of October 8, the number of confirmed Israeli casualties had reached at least 700 killed (some expect it to rise to over 1,000) and 2,240 wounded (some with grave injuries, so they might yet die) who have reached hospitals. There are at least another 700 Israeli citizens whose names are known but who are unaccounted for (some might be dead and not yet discovered; others might be among the kidnapped; others might still be in hiding somewhere and out of touch). There are probably more missing whose names are not yet known.

Hamas casualties are currently estimated to be at least 400 killed and almost 2,000 wounded. These figures include those hit inside Israel and those hit in Israeli counterstrikes in Gaza. Dozens more have been captured. Since these numbers were declared, there have been numerous skirmishes as IDF troops continue to comb the residential and open areas to a distance of several kilometers from the border with Gaza.

In an amphibious raid into Gaza, Israeli naval commandos captured a senior commander of the Hamas naval commando force.

The Israeli government has declared war and ordered the IDF to conduct a mass mobilization of reserves. It also ordered the beginning of an aerial offensive response on Hamas targets in Gaza. The initial strikes were delayed to allow Palestinian civilians living in the buildings and vicinity to evacuate as urged by the IDF using various means of communication – radio, telephone calls, etc.

By the evening of October 8, it was reported that about 75,000 Gaza residents had relocated to designated safe areas, clearing the declared areas for free action by the IDF. In the late evening of that night, the Israeli air force struck approximately 800 targets in Gaza and the navy struck some more. They included residential buildings used by Hamas for hiding command posts, combat positions and storage sites, two banks, numerous weapons storage sites, and some launchers of Hamas and other armed groups. In addition, Hamas troops moving to and from the border, between combat positions and launch sites, etc., were detected by surveillance drones and attacked.

The mobilization of reserves is not only for Gaza. Some IDF units are heading to the border with Lebanon in case Hezbollah decides to join the war; others are reinforcing the forces in Judea and Samaria or replacing regular units being sent to Gaza. Residents in some of the Israeli villages along the Lebanese border are being evacuated.

OTHER EVENTS

Shortly after 07:00 on October 8, Hezbollah fired a number of mortar bombs at an Israeli strongpoint on the border with Lebanon. The IDF returned fire with artillery. At time of writing, it is not clear whether this exchange was a harbinger for an escalation or an isolated incident.

In Egypt, an Egyptian policeman opened fire on a bus of Israeli tourists, killing two and wounding a few more. He also killed an Egyptian.

In east Jerusalem Arab residents began rioting. There have also been sporadic attacks throughout Judea and Samaria.

WHY NOW?

The answer to this question is not clear.

Several excuses were quickly published – such as the fact that Jews were allowed to pray on the Temple Mount, which Hamas sees as an infringement of an exclusive Muslim privilege. But only two days passed from that event till the attack. The extent and level of organization of this offensive prove that it had been planned and prepared for a far longer period of time.

Some believe Hamas felt it had to pressure Israel to improve the dire economic situation in Gaza. However, Israel has been acting to improve Gaza’s economic situation (including allowing 20,000 Gazans to cross the border every day to work in Israel). This attack will worsen Gazans’ economic situation, not help it. So this too is not a feasible argument.

Another theory is that this action was fomented by Iran. Hamas and Hezbollah officials have stated that Iran backed it, assisted in the planning, and approved the offensive. They have no particular reason to lie about this, though crediting Iran could be a ploy of psychological warfare – enhancing Iran’s image as a Middle Eastern power to be feared by its enemies.

Iran’s envoy to the UN has denied Iranian involvement. However, Iran’s backing, physical support in funds and weapons, and urging have been documented behind the surge in terror attacks in and emanating from Judea and Samaria over the past two years. In 2019 there were 1,346 terror attacks against Israelis in or emanating from Judea and Samaria; in 2020 there were 1,320. In 2021, the number leaped to 2,135 and in 2022 increased again, to 2,613. From January to August 2023 there were 1,502 attacks against Israelis. Though there were several intense cycles of fighting on the Gaza border during the same period, most of the time that border was almost quiet.

There is some logic to possible Iranian involvement in the current attack. Iran is deeply displeased with the progress in discussions on an agreement between Israel and Saudi Arabia – an agreement initiated very much as a treaty of cooperation against the common Iranian threat. Just last week, Khamenei, Iran’s Supreme Leader, stated that Saudi Arabia is “betting on a losing horse”. The theory goes that the current attack was to prove Israel’s weakness and give the Saudis second thoughts.

However, there is a weakness to this theory. A combined attack with Hezbollah would seem to have been a better way of proving Israel’s limitations. A Hezbollah offensive could yet be in the offing, but Israel is now more awake to the possibility and is preparing for it. Logic seems to dictate that a simultaneous offensive (like the simultaneous Egyptian-Syrian offensive in 1973) would have been a better course of action. There could, of course, be reasons why Iran might prefer a disjointed offensive – to pull the IDF into Gaza and then attack from Lebanon while it is being taxed in the south, for example. Or there might have been problems of coordination.

To sum it up – we do not yet know.

WHY THE HAMAS SUCCESS?

This is an issue that will require a very intensive inquiry after the war.

The supreme source of the failure is totally that of the intelligence services, which had concluded that Hamas was more interested in the economic well-being of its population than in furthering its ideological agenda by initiating a war that would damage that population’s well-being. In line with this supposition, the government made various decisions to help the Gazan economy. But more importantly, the IDF assumed that the current scenario was simply not on the table and convinced the government that that was the case. How Hamas managed to plan, organize, and assemble its forces without Israeli intelligence services discovering it will need a very deep analysis once the war is over.

While the details differ and will only come to light in an inquiry, in principle, this is the 1973 fiasco all over again.

The second failure is a long-term one, and not just a failure of this government but of Israeli society in general and IDF senior commanders over the past 20 years. It stems from the insufficient manpower available on a routine basis to man the IDF’s missions. This has always been a problem and has objective roots in the size of our population, the percentage of budget Israel can allocate to defense, and the extent of damage to the economy that is created by mobilizing reserves.

But this problem has been exacerbated by a 25-year shift in strategy concocted at the IDF’s most senior levels, based on new Western concepts of what wars are and how they are conducted. The result was a deliberate reduction in size of IDF reserves in general and the number of days per year that they serve. This created a built-in shortage of available troops per mission the IDF is required to conduct.

This shortage was dealt with by constantly shifting troops and taking risks in areas considered less imminently threatening. The recent need to reinforce IDF units in Judea and Samaria due to the escalation of attacks there caused the IDF to reduce its forces along the Gaza border – and why not, since IDF intelligence assessed that Hamas was not going to conduct a major offensive in the foreseeable future (see intelligence analysis above).

Text from the interrogation of a Hamas terrorist captured by the IDF has been published, and it illustrates the extent of the complete failure of Israel’s intelligence services. According to him:

• Hamas had been preparing this attack for more than a year.
• Hamas was encouraged by the political demonstrations in Israel, seeing them as a sign of Israeli weakness.
• The past weeks’ riots conducted by Hamas were a deception to enable them to prepare their attack and hide the preparations.
• The attack force included 1,000 men who broke through the border fence at 15 locations (as noted above, other sources claim more locations).
• This terrorist and his unit were surprised that the IDF was not waiting for them. They operated inside Israel for about five hours before they met armed resistance.

WHAT NEXT?

At time of writing (early afternoon on October 8), a few active terrorists remain inside Israel. The IDF is still busy clearing its territory of remnants of these Hamas teams. The question is, what comes afterwards?

I am not privy to the decisions of the rival leaders, so my answer to this question must be regarded as conjecture.

Hamas is understandably overjoyed at its success, which is the worst defeat inflicted on Israel since October 6, 1973.

The quote from Moshe Dayan at the beginning of this article, stated nearly 70 years ago, encapsulates Israel’s situation and the necessary strategy it must implement, albeit adapted to today’s conditions. It is not a foolproof strategy or an easy one to implement successfully, but it is probably the only one that has the potential, if successful, of ensuring a better situation in future. What it cannot achieve, just as it did not achieve it when implemented by Dayan himself and his successors, is eternal peace. Better vigilance and better preparation for future threats will have to be implemented too.

The Israeli government has declared its intention to conduct a major counter-offensive on Hamas in Gaza, the objective of which is to inflict mass casualties and destruction to the Hamas organization, personnel and equipment. But it has not indicated the methods or timeline (other than to say it will be a long war).

Experience has shown that a purely aerial offensive, as conducted in the past, even if significantly intensified, cannot achieve this objective. So it appears that a ground offensive will be conducted sooner or later, even if at first there is a prolonged aerial offensive to prepare the way. This will require preparation and will bring IDF units into dense urban terrain that favors the Hamas defenders who have considerably fortified it and trained in it. It therefore risks suffering heavy IDF casualties. It also risks inflicting major casualties to Palestinian civilians and prompting severe criticism by Israel’s only major international supporter, the US.

It will also take a long time to complete, and international support is unlikely to last very long. During Operation Defensive Shield in 2002, after a month in which 135 Israelis were killed in terrorist attacks, the US government initially accepted Israel’s need to conduct the operation and then demanded that it halt it midway. Another example occurred during the 2014 war with Gaza, when the US government and Europe tried to force Israeli concessions to Hamas. They were blocked by Egypt, which controls one of the borders of Gaza and views Hamas as a hostile ally of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Obama went so far as to deny Israel replenishment of a key armament item it had requested. After the public calls of commiseration have subsided, it is an open question how the US and Europe will actually act. As of right now, the US government is stating full support for Israel.

Furthermore, the longer the IDF is busy fighting in Gaza, the less it will be prepared for fighting on the Lebanese and Syrian fronts, having lost personnel both killed and wounded and used up stocks of supplies and funds for purchasing more. Thus the risk of another front opening up grows over time.

The final question that must be answered is this. Even if the Israeli counter-offensive is completely and rapidly successful, what then? Hamas rules Gaza because the majority of the population believes in its agenda. In the last democratic election to the Palestinian Authority parliament in January 2006, Hamas won the majority of seats. That is why Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian Authority, has consistently refused to conduct elections ever since. He is fully aware, and this is backed by the polls, that Hamas would gain an even higher proportion of seats. So if Hamas is thrown out of power in Gaza, who will replace it? Will the IDF have to stay there and conduct a non-stop counter-guerrilla campaign while attempting to provide administrative services to the population? That is the last thing Israel wants. The alternative is to withdraw and let the various factions fight each other for control. But given what is known about the opinions of the Palestinian populace, either Hamas will recover its organization and position or its only strong rival, the even more extreme Palestinian Islamic Jihad, might.

These are the questions Israel’s government and military must answer to achieve a better situation at the end of this catastrophic debacle.

Dr. Eado Hecht, a senior research fellow at the BESA Center, is a military analyst focusing mainly on the relationship between military theory, military doctrine, and military practice. He teaches courses on military theory and military history at Bar-Ilan University, Haifa University, and Reichman University and in a variety of courses in the Israel Defense Forces.